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Industrializing Cities
.
Manchester 1843: archetype industrial city
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The Growth of Urban Britain
In 1801, London was the only city in the British Isles to have more
than 100,000 residents.
By 1911, there were 36 such cities.
In 1851 city dwellers comprised 54 percent of the total population
By 1911 this had increased to 79 percent.
This transition reflects dual influences on the population – the
‘push’ caused by growing rural poverty and the ‘pull’ of new urban
opportunities.
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Salford by L S Lowry
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Overcrowding in
Urban structures revealed by
Census returns from
1801
Not unusual to have
6-12 members of a family
living and sleeping in the
same room
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Poverty and squalor
Blue Gate Fields, 1872.
Taken from London: A Pilgrimage by Blanchard Jerrold and Gustave Doré.
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Urban archaeologies
- Lots of urban archaeology in Britain, from 1940s onwards, but
tended to remove modern ‘overburden’ to reveal medieval or Roman
remains
The Temple of Mithras, Walbrook is a Roman temple
whose ruins were discovered in Walbrook, a street in
the City of London, during rebuilding work in 1954.
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USA – Urban archaeology took off in 1980s
Roy Dickens (ed) (1982)
Archaeology of Urban America
Academic Press
Industrialization, bottle consumption, settlement patterns,
Public interpretation
Edward Staski (ed) 1987
Living in Cities: Current Research in Urban Archaeology
SHA Special Publication
New York, Sacramento, Phoenix, Boston, sites explored from
colonial period to early 20th century
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US urban archaeologies
- confronted social and spatial complexity
- appreciated plurality and rapid change in urban life
- gathered and analyzed large and complex assemblages from
19th and 20th century sites
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New York : Five Points
Five Points in 1827 as depicted in Valentine's Manual, 1855
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New York : Five Points
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New York : Five Points
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New York : Five Points
Foley Square Courthouse, erected over part of the old Five Points
neighbourhood by the U.S. General Services Administration
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Rebecca Yamin (left) of
John Milner Associates
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Through the study of the artefacts recovered in 1991, the daily lives of the
people who lived at Five Points become visible.
A team of 17 archaeologists, conservators, and historians is currently
analyzing the 850,000 artefacts recovered from the Foley Square
courthouse block.
Out of the analysis will come a richer story about the working-class
residents of Five Points, the neighbourhood's reputation as New York's
most notorious slum, and its overcrowded tenement neighbourhood
teeming with newly arrived immigrants struggling to succeed in an alien
city.
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Feature O
Backyard features (abandoned privy shafts, cisterns, wells) subsequently used as
trash repositories are often the focus of urban archaeology. A wealth of information
can be derived from people's garbage—information about their private lives, their
personal choices, and even their political allegiances.
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Overview of 1991 archaeological excavation showing foundations and
features on lots 6 and 7 - 472 and 474 Pearl Street
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Matching white granite teaware set,
made in England, 1840-1860
Transfer-printed teawares; Staffordshire patterns, 1830-1867
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Yellow ware mug; transfer-printed child's
cup from the "Games and Pastimes“
series (England, ca. 1820); luster ware
creamer; and yellow ware mug
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"Old blue" pitcher with Lafayette
contemplating
the tomb of Franklin,
French series, Staffordshire, 18241835
Father Matthew –Temperance
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The Rocks, Sydney
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Grace Karskens
project historian
More than 750,000 items and 30 buildings have
been excavated at the dig site, between
Cumberland and Gloucester Streets, by the
Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority.
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The Rocks, Sydney:
Cumberland St,
Gloucester Street,
Cribbs Lane
Former convict and butcher George
Cribb leased a site for his house and
slaughter yard from 1809 in what
became known as Cribbs Lane in The
Rocks, Sydney.
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The Rocks, Sydney: Cribb’s Yard
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The Rocks, Sydney
Other stories from the site include that of George Legg and Anne
Armsden (their home was known as the arm and leg house).
- In 1805 George went fishing and disappeared. A shark was found
with his hand inside it and a month later Cadigal people visited
Anne to tell her the rest of the body had been found
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Melbourne: Little Lon
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Alan Mayne and Tim Murray (eds)
The Archaeology of Urban Landscapes: Explorations in Slumland. Cambridge
University Press 2001.
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West Oakland, California
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The I-880 Cypress Freeway Replacement
A project by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) District 4,
involved the reconstruction of a 3.1-mile section of freeway in Oakland and
Emeryville,
Caltrans contracted with the Anthropological Studies Center at Sonoma State
University (ASC) to examine the area of potential effects (APE).
The Cypress Archaeology Project database is unprecedented in the West.
Over 120 discrete artifact assemblages were recovered and associated with
specific households.
A wide variety of groups is represented, from unskilled working-class
households to upper-middle-class families, immigrants from numerous
countries, and native-born whites and African Americans.
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The I-880 Cypress Freeway Replacement
Putting the "There" There: Historical Archaeologies of West Oakland
http://www.sonoma.edu/asc/cypress/finalreport/
Mary and Adrian Praetzellis
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The I-880 Cypress Freeway Replacement
Report focuses on the people of the neighbourhood,
with essays on:
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the archaeology of gender;
the material culture of the “aristocracy of labor”;
the Overseas Chinese and laundry work;
the archaeology and landscape of lodging;
the archaeology and 150-year history of African Americans in
West Oakland.
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