Transcript Stem and Expectations - Laconia School District

Earth and Space Science
Stems and Expectations
By
Feride Memetova
ESS 1.1.1
Water Cycle
ESS 1.1.2
Factors on Earth’s Climate
1. Changes in the oceans:
– Sea level is rising
– Sea-surface temperatures are warming
– Flooding
– Ecosystems are changing
– Arctic sea ice is melting
2. Changes in the atmosphere:
– Severe weather events may be more common and stronger
– The greenhouse effect
– Damage the ozone layer
– Acid rain
3. Geological Shifts
– Movement of land masses
ESS 1.2.1
Layers of the Earth
ESS 1.2.1
Hydrosphere
• The hydrosphere
includes all water on
Earth.
ESS 1.2.1
Atmosphere
•
•
•
•
Thermosphere-the
outermost layer of
Earth’s atmosphere.
Mesosphere-middle
layer of Earth’s
atmosphere where most
meteoroids burn up.
Stratosphere-the
second lowest-layer
Troposphere-the lowest
layer where weather
occurs.
ESS 1.2.2
Geological Evidence
ESS 1.3.1
Fossils
• Fossils are the preserved
remains or traces of living
things.
• Most fossils form when
living things die and are
buried by sediments.
• Sediments slowly harden
into rock and preserve
the shapes of the
organisms.
• Fossils provide evidence
of how life has changed
over time.
ESS 1.4.1
• Satellite image of
Hurricane Ivan.
ESS 1.5.1
• Earth’s crust is
divided into plates.
• They move at
extremely slow rates.
ESS 1.5.2
Landforms
• Created by the action of wind, water, and
ice.
• Action physically changes the Earth's
surface by carving and eroding land
surfaces, carrying and depositing soil,
sand and other debris.
• Crustal movement and other tectonic
activity inside Earth create landforms;
mountains, faults, sinks, and volcanoes.
Landforms
Ocean Floor
• At mid-ocean ridge molten material rises
from the mantle and erupts.
• This then spreads out pushing older rocks
to both sides of ridge.
• This is called sea floor spreading.
Ocean Floor
ESS 1.5.3
Convection
• Heat transfer by the movement of heated
fluids.
• Caused by different temperatures and
density.
• Heat transfer occurs in Earth’s mantle,
troposphere, winds.
Convection
ESS 1.6.1
Rock Cycle
ESS 1.6.2
Sedimentary Rocks
• Second great rock class
• Created by bits of our earth pressed down
more and more through time, until the bottom
layers slowly turn into rock.
• There are 3 main types: Clastic-compaction
and cementation of little pieces of broken up
rock , Chemical-form when standing water
evaporates, leaving dissolved minerals behind,
Organic-accumulation of sedimentary debris
caused by organic processes.
Igneous Rock
• They formed when the melted rock, called
magma, deep within the earth becomes
trapped in small pockets.
• Also formed when volcanoes erupt,
causing the magma to rise above the
earth's surface.
• Classified by their origin, texture, and
mineral composition.
Metamorphic Rock
• The rocks are formed under tons and tons
of pressure, which fosters heat build up,
and this causes them to change.
• Metamorphic rocks are recycled rocks.
• Geologist classify metamorphic rocks by
the arrangement of the grains that make
up the rocks.
ESS 1.6.3
From Sediment to Rock
• Erosion-heat, cold, rain, waves, and grinding ice
break up and wear away rocks.
• Deposition-the sediment or small pieces of rock
or living things settle.
• Compaction-over millions of years layers of
sediment build up and press down on the layers
beneath them.
• Cementation-dissolve minerals crystallize and
glue particles of sediment together.
ESS 1.6.4
Physical Characteristics of Rocks
• Texture-size, shape, and pattern of rocks
grains(particles of minerals or other rocks.)
Grain size, grain shape, grain pattern, or
no visible grain.
• Mineral composition-identifying the
minerals.
• Origin-where and how it formed.
• Color
ESS 1.7.1
Watershed
• Watersheds or
drainage basins is the
land area that
supplies water to a
river system.
ESS 1.7.2
Chemical Properties of Water
• This structure consists
of two hydrogen atoms
bonded to one oxygen
atom
ESS 1.7.2
Physical properties of Water
• Water is the only natural substance
that is found in all three states liquid,
solid (ice), and gas (steam) at the
temperatures normally found on
Earth.
• Water has a very high surface
tension.
• Water has weight and density.
ESS 1.7.2
• Water is essential for living things to grow.
Reproduce, and carry out other important
processes such as photosynthesis.
ESS 1.7.3
Cycling of Water
ESS 2.1.1
The Sun
• It is the center of the
universe.
• Solar flares-the most
violent events on the
surface of the Sun are
sudden eruptions.
• Prominences-dense
cloud of gas
projecting from the
Sun's chromosphere
into the corona.
ESS 2.1.2
Tides and the Phases of the Moon
• Spring tides occur
during the full moon
and the new moon.
• Neap tides occur
during quarter moons.
ESS 2.1.3
• The rotation of the Earth causes day.
• The revolution of the Earth around the sun
causes year.
• Phases of the moon are caused by the moon
revolving around the Earth.
• Shadows
• Tides are caused by gravity between moon and
Earth.
• Eclipses are caused by the moon in direct
alignment with the Sun and the Earth.
ESS 2.1.4
ESS 2.1.4
Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it
moves around the sun.
ESS 2.2.1
• The Sun is the source of most of the energy on
Earth
• The power source for plants, the cause of flows
of atmosphere and of water, the source of the
warmth which makes life possible.
• The sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion.
• Nuclear fusion is the combining of 2 hydrogen
atoms to form helium releasing energy.
ESS 2.3.1
Planets on Our Solar System
• Four inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth,
and Mars, are small and have rocky
surfaces. They are called the terrestrial
planets.
• The four outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune, are much larger
and do not have solid surfaces. They are
called the gas giants.
• All the planets revolve around the sun.
ESS 2.3.2
Gravitational Force
• Gravitation is a natural happening by
which all objects with mass attract each
other.
• It is responsible for keeping the planets
and their moons in their orbits.
• Gravitation is a general term describing
the attractive influence that all objects with
mass exert on each other.
ESS 2.3.3
Earth and Our Solar System
• Goldilocks Conditions-favorable conditions
to have life.
• Earth has liquid water and a suitable
temperature range and atmosphere for
living things to survive.
ESS 2.3.4
• The 8 planets in order from the sun are Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.
• Mercury is the smallest planet and Jupiter is the
largest.
• All the planets revolve around the sun with
Mercury revolving in a period of .24 Earth years
and Neptune taking 165 Earth years.
• 6 of the planets have moons:Earth-1, Mars-2,
Jupiter-17, Saturn-19, Uranus-18, and Neptune8.
ESS 2.3.5
• Two factors keep the planets in orderinertia and gravity.
• The tendency of a moving object to
continue in a straight line or stationary
object to remain in place is the object’s
inertia.
• The force called gravity attracts all objects
toward one another.
ESS 2.4.1
View From Earth
• Technological advances help scientist
understand the solar system.
• These technological advances include
telescopes, observatories, satellites, and
spectrographs.
ESS 3.1.1
1 Astronomical Unit = 149 598 000
kilometers is based on the distance
from the Earth to the Sun.
ESS 3.1.2
A light-year is a unit of distance. It is
the distance that light can travel in one
year. Light moves at a velocity of about
300,000 kilometers (km) each second
ESS 3.2.1
• Asteroids are rocky objects with round or
irregular shapes.
• Comets are lumps of ice and dust that
periodically come into the center of the
solar system from somewhere in its outer
reaches, and that some comets make
repeated trips.
• Meteoroid is a small sand to boulder-sized
particle of debris in the Solar system.
ESS 3.3.1
The Universe
• The Universe is a huge wide-open space that
holds everything from the smallest particle to the
biggest galaxy.
• Universe is still growing outward in every
direction.
• The exact size of the Universe is unknown.
• A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound
system consisting of stars, an interstellar
medium of gas and dust, and dark matter.
ESS 4.1.1
Design Technology
• Today, many Earth scientist use the latest
technology to explore Earth’s surface and
outer space.
• Technology helps scientist collect data and
increase understanding of the world.
ESS 4.1.2
• Computers, Robots, satellites, and space
probes are just some of the tools used by
Earth scientists.
• Powerful computers use the satellites data
to make maps quickly and accurately.
ESS 4.2.1
ESS 4.2.2
• To convert from F to C, try these calculations
manually.
98.6 + 40 = 138.6, and 138.6 * 5/9 = 77. For the
final calculation, remove the 40. 77 - 40 = 37
• To convert from C to F, try these calculations
manually.
37 + 40 = 77, and 77 * 9/5 = 138.6. For the final
calculation, remove the 40. 138.6 - 40 = 98.6
ESS 4.2.3
• Telescopes collect and focus different
types of electromagnetic radiation.
Including visible light.
• Artificial satellites are used to relay
telephone calls, to measure Earth’s
atmosphere, and to photograph weather
systems, crops, troops, and ships.
ESS 4.3.1
Social Issues
• http://www.istl.org/00-spring/review2.html
• http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Hum
an_Genome/elsi/elsi.shtml
Environmental Changes-1
• Technology can reduce the impact of
natural disasters by providing warnings
using computer images and mapping and
satellite images.
• http://www.earthscape.org/r1/mer03/
• http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/2
000/ts8/hami0001pf.htm
Environmental Changes-2
• Deforestation is the conversion of forested
areas to non-forest land for use such as
arable land, pasture, urban use, logged
area, or wasteland.
• Resulted in a degraded environment with
reduced biodiversity.
• Results in Global Warming and changes in
weather patterns.
ESS 4.4.1
Careers in Earth Science
• Oceanographers-people who study the
ocean.
• Geologists-people who study Earth.
• Environmental Scientists-people who
study the environment.
• Meteorologists-people who study the
weather.
• Astronomers-people who study space.