Transcript Ch 1 The Nature Of Science

Ch 1 The Nature of Science
Steps to the Scientific Method:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
State the Problem
Research
Form an Hypothesis
Experiment
Analyze and Record Data
Make a Conclusion
Repeat
Step 1…State the Problem


This is the question you want
answered
Before you can continue with the
scientific steps you have to know what
the problem is
Step 2…Research


Gather information about your
problem
You can find information on the
internet,in an encyclopedia, or maybe
even in your science book
Step 3…Form an Hypothesis


Educated guess about what you think
the answer to your problem is
You make an hypothesis based on
observation, research, or prior
knowledge
Step 4…Experiment

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Step by Step procedure
Remember controls and variables
You have to experiment to test your
hypothesis
Step 5…Analyze and Record
Data

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Write down info from experiment
Figure out what info means…
Use tables,charts,and graphs
Step 6…Make a Conclusion

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State final answer from the results of
your experiment
State whether your hypothesis was
correct or incorrect
Step 7…Repeat

Experiment is conducted again to see if
you get the same results
Variables

A variable is what we
are trying to test…it is
usually the “thing”
that is different from
one experiment to
another.

A variable could be: a
independent or
dependent variable.
An example of a
independent variable
is: water(the
experiment we talked
about in class, about
the plants) An
example of a
dependent variable is:
growth and
appearance. (still
referring to the plant
experiment.)
Controls

A control is all the
“things” that are
the same in both
experiments.

An example of a
control is: (the
experiment we
talked about in
class about the
plants.) None of the
plants sunlight
amount changes,
the soil stays the
same, and the
containers are the
same.
Experimental Group


The experimental group is the group that
has the variable in it.
The experimental group is the group that
has the thing that is different in it.
Control Group


The control group is the group that does
not have the variable in it, it has the
controls in it.
The control group has all of the things that
stay the same in it.
Experimental Design
 All experiments should:
 Test your hypothesis
 Include very detailed steps (tell how much, what
kind, and directions)
 Include variables and controls (experimental
group and control group)
 Have results checked along the way
 Communicate results in a graph or chart
 Test only 1 variable at a time
Ch 2 Minerals
Different kinds of minerals.
Mineral Definitions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Crystalline:
Magma: hot melted rock material beneath Earth’s
surface.
Hardness: measure of how easily a mineral can be
scratched.
Luster: describes the way a mineral reflects light from
its surface; can be metallic or nonmetallic.
Streak: color of a mineral when it is in powdered form.
Gems: beautiful, rare, highly prized mineral that can be
worn in jewelry.
What Are 4 Characteristics All
Minerals Share:
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1. Naturally Occurring
2. Inorganic Solid
3. Element or Compound with a Definite
Chemical Composition
4. Orderly Arrangement of Atoms
Moh’s Scale

Moh’s Scale of
Hardness is a scale
that has 10 common
minerals on it,
comparing them to
each other to see how
hard each mineral is.
Rock Cycle

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A rock is different from a mineral because
a rock is made up of minerals.
The rock cycle illustrates the processes that
create and change rocks.
Igneous Rocks
Define:
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Magma:hot, melted rock material beneath Earth’s surface.

Lava:molten rock that flows from volcanoes onto Earth’s surface.
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Intrusive:describes a type of igneous rock that generally
contains large crystals and forms when magma cools slowly beneath
Earth’s surface.
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Extrusive:describes fine-grained igneous rock that forms when
magma cools quickly at or near Earth’s surface.

Igneous rock:rock formed when magma or lava cools or
hardens.
Formation of Igneous Rock

Where does “magma” come from?

Most magmas come from deep below Earth’s
surface. Magma is located at depths ranging from
near the surface to about 150km below the
surface.
Formation of Igneous Rock

Where does the “heat” that melts rock
come from?

The heat that melts the rock comes from sources
within Earth’s interior. One source is the decay of
radioactive elements within Earth. Some heat is
left over from the formation of the planet, which
originally was molten. Radioactive decay of
elements contained in rocks balances some heat
loss as Earth continues to cool.
Metamorphic Rocks
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Define:
1.
Foliated: when mineral grains line up in
parallel layers.
2.
3.
Non-foliated: the mineral grains grow and
rearrange, but they don’t form layers.
Metamorphic rocks: rock that have changed
because of changes in temperature and pressure
or the presence of hot, watery fluids.
Formation of Metamorphic Rock
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What causes rocks to be so hot?
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Rocks beneath Earth’s surface are under great
pressure from rock layers above them.
Temperature also increases with depth in Earth.

Why does pressure increase with depth
in Earth?

The pressure increases because of the rock layers
above.
Formation of Sedimentary Rock

What causes sedimentary rocks to form in
layers?

A sedimentary rock forms when sediments are pressed
and cemented together, or when minerals form from
solutions. The sediments get packed together forming
layers.

Explain how loose sediment can eventually
become sedimentary rock:
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Loose sediment can eventually become sedimentary rock
because the wind, water, ice, or gravity carries the
sediment to a different place, and they get packed and
cemented together forming sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary Rock

Define:
1.
Sediment: loose materials such as rock fragments, mineral grains,
and bits of shell that have been moved by wind, water, ice, or
gravity.
2.
Cementation: occurs when minerals such as quartz, calcite, and
hematite are deposited between the pieces of sediment.
3.
Compaction: pressure from the upper layers pushes down on the
lower layers. If the sediments are small, they can stick together and
form solid rock.
4.
Weathering: when rock is exposed to air, water, or ice, it is
unstable and breaks down chemically and mechanically.
5.
Erosion: when sediment is moved to a new location and then are
deposited.
6.
Sedimentary rock: forms when sediments are pressed and
cemented together, or when minerals form from solutions.
Ch 4 Atmosphere
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The five layers of the atmosphere are:
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Ozone Layer

What is the ozone layer? The ozone layer is a
layer of oxygen. It contains 3 oxygen molecules. It
protects the Earth’s surface.

In what layer is the ozone found? The ozone is
found in the Stratosphere.

Why is the ozone layer important? The ozone
layer is important because it protects the Earth’s surface
from the Sun’s harmful rays.
Troposphere

1.
2.
2 facts about this layer are:
This is the layer we live in.
This layer is where weather occurs.
Stratosphere

2 facts about this layer are:
1.
This layer contain the ozone layer.
This layer is the second layer.
2.
Mesosphere
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1.
2.
2 facts about this layer are:
This layer is the third layer.
This layer is where meteors burn up.
Thermosphere
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1.
2.
2 facts about this layer are:
This layer is where space shuttles orbit.
This is the fourth layer.
Exosphere
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1.
2.
2 facts about this layer are:
This layer is where satellites are.
This is the outer most layer.
Why is Earth’s Atmosphere
Unique?

Earth’s atmosphere is unique because
radiation from the Sun can be reflected into
space, absorbed by the atmosphere, or
absorbed by land and water. Once it is
absorbed, heat can be transferred by
radiation, conduction, or convection.
Earth’s atmosphere helps control how
mush of the Sun’s radiation is absorbed or
lost.
What causes wind?

Wind is caused by the uneven heating of
Earth’s surface by the Sun causes some
areas to be warmer than others. Recall that
warmer air expands, becoming lower in
density than the colder air. This causes air
pressure to be generally lower where air is
heated, causing wind.
Why do areas of Earth receive
different amounts of radiation?

Areas of Earth receive different amounts of
radiation because Earth is curved.
Local Wind Systems
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Describe the difference between Sea and
Land Breezes:
A sea breeze is created during the day
because solar radiation warms the land
more than the water.
A land breeze is movement of air toward
the water from the land, and is created
during the night.
Definitions
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CFC’s- group of chemical compounds used in refrigerators, air
conditioners, foam packaging, and aerosol sprays that may enter the
atmosphere and destroy ozone.

Water cycle- continuous cycle of water molecules on Earth as
they rise into the atmosphere, fall back to Earth as rain or other
precipitation, and flow into rivers and oceans through the processes of
evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
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Jet streams- narrow belt of strong winds that blows near the top of
the troposphere.
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Coriolis effect- causes moving air and water to turn left in the
southern hemisphere and turn right in the northern hemisphere due to
Earth’s rotation.
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Condensation- change of matter from a gas to a liquid state.
Evaporation- change of matter from a liquid to a gas state.
Weather
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Weather- state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place,
determined by factors including air pressure, amount of moisture in
the air, temperature, wind, and precipitation.
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Humidity- amount of water vapor held in the air.
Fog- a stratus cloud that forms when air is cooled to its dew point
near the ground.
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Precipitation- water falling from clouds-including rain, snow,
sleet, and hail-whose form is determined by air temperature.
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Front- boundary between two air masses with different
temperatures, density, or moisture; can be cold, war, occluded, and
stationary.
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Air mass- large body of air that has the same characteristics of
temperature and moisture content as the part of Earth’s surface over
which it formed.
Climate
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Tropics- climate zone that receives the most solar radiation, is located between
latitudes 23°N and 23°S, and is always hot, except at high elevations.
Climate- average weather pattern in an are over a long period of time; can be
classified by temperature, humidity, precipitation, and vegetation.
Polar zones- climate zones that receive solar radiation at a low angle, extend
from 66°N and S latitude to the poles, and are never warm.
Temperate zones- climate zones with moderate temperatures that are located
between the tropics and the polar zones.
Adaptation- any structural or behavioral change that helps an organism
survive in its particular environment.
Hibernation- behavioral adaptation for winter survival in which an animal’s
activity is greatly reduced, its body temperature drops, and body processes slow
down.
Estivation- behavioral adaptation for summer survival in which an animal
enters an inactive state.
Greenhouse effect- heat-trapping feature of the atmosphere that occurs when
certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere, such as methane, CO2, and water vapor,
trap heat.
What is global warming?

Global warming is the increase in the
average global temperature of Earth.
What are 3 structural adaptations an
organism may have to help them
survive?
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Three structural adaptations an organism
may have to help them survive are:
1.
The fur of mammals is really hair that insulates
them.
A cactus has a thick, fleshy stem. This structural
adaptation helps a cactus hold water.
A cactus has spiny leaves, called needles, that
further reduce water loss.
2.
3.
Why do the tropics receive the most
solar radiation?
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The tropics receive the most solar radiation
because they are closest to the equator.
Name 3 factors that can affect local
and regional climates.

Three factors that can affect local and
regional climates are:
1.
Large bodies of water
Mountains
Cities
2.
3.
Name 1 negative effect of
deforestation?

One negative effect of deforestation is it
affects the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
Ch7 Section 1: Earth’s Motion
and Seasons.
1.
Axis- imaginary line around
which Earth spins; drawn from
the north geographic pole
through Earth to the south
geographic pole.
2.
Rotation- the spinning of
Earth on its axis.
Revolution- the motion of
Earth around the Sun.
2.
Equinox- twice-yearly time
when the Sun is directly above
Earth’s equator and there are
equal hours of day and night.
Orbit- curved path followed by
Earth as it moves around the
Sun.
3.
1.
3.
Solstice- time when the Sun
reaches its greatest distance
north or south of the equator.
Summer and Winter

The reason it is so much
warmer in the summer
than in the winter is
because during the
summer the northern
hemisphere is tilted
toward the Sun, while in
the winter the northern
hemisphere is tilted away
from the Sun.
Section 1: Earth’s Motion and
Seasons
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A solstice is a time when
the Sun reaches its
greatest distance north or
south of the equator.
An equinox is a twiceyearly time when the Sun
is directly above Earth’s
equator and there are
equal hours of day and
night.
Section 2: Earth’s Moon
1.
Crater- depressions formed by large meteorites-space
objects that strike the Earth.
2.
Moon phase- the changing views of the moon as seen from
Earth.
3.
Solar eclipse- when Earth moves into the Moon’s shadow,
during a new moon.
4.
Lunar eclipse- occurs when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are
lined up so that the full moon moves into Earth’s shadow.
Revolution and Rotation of the
Moon

The reason the same
side of the moon
always faces Earth is
because it takes 27.3
days for the Moon to
complete one orbit
around Earth, and it
also takes 27.3 days
for the moon to rotate
once on its axis.
Moon Phases
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Waxing means the
moon is growing in
size.
Waning means the
moon is decreasing in
size.
Eclipses
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A solar eclipse occurs
when Earth moves into
the Moon’s shadow,
during a new moon.
A lunar eclipse occurs
when the Sun, Earth, and
Moon are lined up so that
the full moon moves into
Earth’s shadow.
Our Solar System
1.
Asteroid- small, rocky objects that mostly lie in a belt
located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
2.
Comet- space object made of rocky particles and ice that
forms a tail when orbiting near the Sun.
3.
4.
Nebula- cloud of material.
Astronomical unit- unit used to measure distances in the
solar system; 1 AU equals 150,000,000 km.
Astronomical unit

Astronomer do not use kilometers to
measure distances in the solar system
because the distances in the solar system
are to long.
Inner Planets
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The inner planets are Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars.
These planets are called the inner planets
because they are similar in size and their
orbits lie inside the asteroid belt.
Outer Planets
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Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Origin of the Solar System

One hypothesis about how the solar system
was formed is that the Sun and all the
planets and other objects condensed from a
large cloud of gas, ice, and dust about 5
billion years ago. That cloud is called a
nebula.
Ch 24 Energy and Energy
Resources


What is Energy
Energy is the ability
to cause change.
Energy Transformations

PE(before the yo-yo goes
down)KE (when the yoyo falls) PE(when the yoyo stops at
bottom)KE(yo-yo goes
up)PE(yo-yo get back to
top) Also, there is more
energy when the string is
tugged.
Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the
energy of motion.
Potential Energy

Potential energy is the
energy of position.
More Potential Energy

If one of the vases
had more mass it
could have more
potential energy.
Thermal Energy

Thermal energy is the
energy of hot objects.
Chemical Energy

Chemical energy is
the energy stored in
chemical bonds.
Light Energy

Radiant energy is
energy carried by
light.
Electrical Energy

Electrical energy is
energy carried by
electric current.
Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is
energy contained in
atomic nuclei. It is
energy produced from
the splitting apart of
billions of uranium
nuclei by a nuclear
fission reaction.
Energy in a Roller Coaster
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Most KE: Going
down a hill.
Most PE: At the top
of a hill.
Least PE: Going
down a hill.
Least KE: At the top
of a hill or in a loop.
Point B: Maximum PE and least KE
Point C: Maximum KE and least PE
Thermal Energy

Thermal energy moves from something at a
higher temperature to something at lower
temperature.
Sources of Energy


A renewable resource
is an energy resource
that is replenished
continually.
A nonrenewable
resource is a natural
resource that is used
more quickly than it
can be replaced by
natural processes.

Sources of Energy

Coal is nonrenewable
Water is renewable

A renewable resource
is an energy resource
that is replenished
continually.
A nonrenewable
resource is a natural
resource that is used
more quickly than it
can be replaced by
natural processes.
Alternative Energy Resources
(Section 3)
Resource
1.Fossil Fuels
2.Nuclear Energy
3.Hydroelectricity
4.Solar Energy
5.Geothermal Energy
6.Energy from
Oceans
7.Wind
Advantage
Disadvantage