Transcript GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Macintosh Edition

Stratigraphy and fossils
Figure 8.2 (page 201)
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Sedimentation in
lake or sea
Sedimentation in
lake or sea
Sediments are deposited in horizontal
layers and slowly change into rock.
Younger
Older
Younger
Older
If left undisturbed, the youngest layers
remain above the oldest.
Stratigraphy and fossils
Key Figure 8.3 (page 202)
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Outcrop A
I
Outcrop B
II
II
III
Outcrop A
I
Outcrop B
II
II
III
Outcrop A
I
Outcrop B
II
II
III
Some of the fossils found in
outcrop A are the same as
fossils found in outcrop B,
some distance away.
Outcrop A
I
Outcrop B
II
II
III
Some of the fossils found in
outcrop A are the same as
fossils found in outcrop B,
some distance away.
Outcrop A
Outcrop B
I
II
II
Layers with the
same fossils are
the same age.
III
Some of the fossils found in
outcrop A are the same as
fossils found in outcrop B,
some distance away.
Outcrop A
Outcrop B
I
II
II
Layers with the
same fossils are
the same age.
III
Stratigraphic
succession
Younger rocks
I
II
III
Older rocks
A composite of the two outcrops.
Stratigraphy and fossils
Select the principle of relative dating that is most useful
in correlating rock strata among widely separated areas
(regionally).
A. Superposition
B. Faunal succession
C. Cross-cutting relationships
D. Original horizontality
Stratigraphy and fossils
Select the principle of relative dating that is most useful
in correlating rock strata among widely separated areas
(regionally).
A. Superposition
B. Faunal succession
C. Cross-cutting relationships
D. Original horizontality
Stratigraphy and fossils
Who established the Principle of Faunal Succession?
A. James Hutton
B. Nicolaus Steno
C. William Smith
D. Harry Hess
Stratigraphy and fossils
Who established the Principle of Faunal Succession?
A. James Hutton
B. Nicolaus Steno
C. William Smith
D. Harry Hess
Stratigraphy and fossils
True or False: The Principle of Faunal Succession only
applies to a single region, and it cannot be used to
correlate stratigraphic sequences on different
continents.
A. True
B. False
Stratigraphy and fossils
True or False: The Principle of Faunal Succession only
applies to a single region, and it cannot be used to
correlate stratigraphic sequences on different
continents.
A. True
B. False
Stratigraphy and fossils
Select the kind(s) of geologic data that can be used to
globally correlate strata.
A. Fossil data
B. Paleomagnetic data
C. Seismic data
D. Radioactive isotope data
E. All of the above
Stratigraphy and fossils
Select the kind(s) of geologic data that can be used to
globally correlate strata.
A. Fossil data
B. Paleomagnetic data
C. Seismic data
D. Radioactive isotope data
E. All of the above
The radioactive decay of rubidium
to strontium
Figure 8.11 (page 209)
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Rubidium-87 nucleus
Neutrons
Protons
Electron
Rubidium-87 nucleus
Neutrons
Protons
Electron
A neutron decays,
ejecting an electron…
Rubidium-87 nucleus
Neutrons
Strontium-87 nucleus
Protons
Electron
A neutron decays,
ejecting an electron…
Rubidium-87 nucleus
Neutrons
Strontium-87 nucleus
Protons
Electron
A neutron decays,
ejecting an electron…
…and producing a proton,
which changes the atom.
The radioactive decay of rubidium
to strontium
What do all isotopes of any given element have in
common?
A. Number of protons
B. Number of neutrons
C. Combined number of protons and neutrons
D. All of the above
The radioactive decay of rubidium
to strontium
What do all isotopes of any given element have in
common?
A. Number of protons
B. Number of neutrons
C. Combined number of protons and neutrons
D. All of the above
The radioactive decay of rubidium
to strontium
True or False: The half-life of a radioactive isotope does
not vary with changes in temperature and pressure.
A. True
B. False
The radioactive decay of rubidium
to strontium
True or False: The half-life of a radioactive isotope does
not vary with changes in temperature and pressure.
A. True
B. False
The radioactive decay of rubidium
to strontium
A mineral forms and initially incorporates only the parent
atoms of a radioactive isotope and no daughter atoms.
The parent has a half-life of 5000 years. How long before
the parent to daughter ratio is 1:3?
A. 5000 years
B. 10,000 years
C. 15,000 years
D. 20,000 years
The radioactive decay of rubidium
to strontium
A mineral forms and initially incorporates only the parent
atoms of a radioactive isotope and no daughter atoms.
The parent has a half-life of 5000 years. How long before
the parent to daughter ratio is 1:3?
A. 5000 years
B. 10,000 years
C. 15,000 years
D. 20,000 years
Original Horizontality
The principles of Original Horizontality and
Superposition allow for ____________ dates to be
determined.
A. Absolute
B. Numeric
C. Relative
D. Radiogenic
Original Horizontality
The principles of Original Horizontality and
Superposition allow for ____________ dates to be
determined.
A. Absolute
B. Numeric
C. Relative
D. Radiogenic
Original Horizontality
In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks where
do the oldest rock strata occur?
A. At the top of the sequence
B. At the bottom of the sequence
C. It depends on the depositional environment
Original Horizontality
In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks where
do the oldest rock strata occur?
A. At the top of the sequence
B. At the bottom of the sequence
C. It depends on the depositional environment
Sedimentary bedding
True or False: Sediments can remain unlithified for
millions of years before becoming lithified sedimentary
rocks.
A. True
B. False
Sedimentary bedding
True or False: Sediments can remain unlithified for
millions of years before becoming lithified sedimentary
rocks.
A. True
B. False
Sedimentary bedding
What kind of unconformity occurs between two
horizontal sedimentary beds?
A. A disconformity
B. A nonconformity
C. An angular unconformity
Sedimentary bedding
What kind of unconformity occurs between two
horizontal sedimentary beds?
A. A disconformity
B. A nonconformity
C. An angular unconformity
Wasatch Fault
What is the approximate maximum age a piece of
charcoal can be in order to determine its date using the
carbon-14 method of dating?
A. 4,000 years
B. 70,000 years
C. 1,000,000 years
D. 50,000,000 years
Wasatch Fault
What is the approximate maximum age a piece of
charcoal can be in order to determine its date using the
carbon-14 method of dating?
A. 4,000 years
B. 70,000 years
C. 1,000,000 years
D. 50,000,000 years
Transgression/Regression
Transgression/Regression
When sea-levels fall, the sedimentary record of
depositions along the coast records this change, which
is described as:
A. a transgression
B. a turbidity current
C. global warming
D. a regression
Transgression/Regression
When sea-levels fall, the sedimentary record of
depositions along the coast records this change, which
is described as:
A. a transgression
B. a turbidity current
C. global warming
D. a regression
Transgression/Regression
When a transgression is observed in the sedimentary
record, it is interpreted from a shift to off-shore marine
facies as a result of:
A. decreasing global temperatures
B. sea-level rise
C. subduction
D. sea-level fall
Transgression/Regression
When a transgression is observed in the sedimentary
record, it is interpreted from a shift to off-shore marine
facies as a result of:
A. decreasing global temperatures
B. sea-level rise
C. subduction
D. sea-level fall
Transgression/Regression
While hiking in the Grand Canyon of northern Arizona,
you stop and observe an outcrop that exposes three
different sedimentary rock types. On the bottom is a
layer of shale, which is overlain by a layer of limestone,
which is in turn overlain by a layer of sandstone. This
stratigraphy sequence indicates that a _________ or a
_________ in sea-level occurred in this location in the
past.
A. transgression; fall
B. transgression; rise
C. regression; fall
D. regression; rise
Transgression/Regression
While hiking in the Grand Canyon of northern Arizona,
you stop and observe an outcrop that exposes three
different sedimentary rock types. On the bottom is a
layer of shale, which is overlain by a layer of limestone,
which is in turn overlain by a layer of sandstone. This
stratigraphy sequence indicates that a _________ or a
_________ in sea-level occurred in this location in the
past.
A. transgression; fall
B. transgression; rise
C. regression; fall
D. regression; rise
Transgression/Regression
What trend would you expect to find in sediments
accumulating in any single location along the coast
during a sea-level rise?
A. the sediment size should decrease as you look up-section
B. the sediment should become better sorted as you look upsection
C. the sediment should become more rounded as you look
up-section
D. all of these
E. none of these
Transgression/Regression
What trend would you expect to find in sediments
accumulating in any single location along the coast
during a sea-level rise?
A. the sediment size should decrease as you look up-section
B. the sediment should become better sorted as you look upsection
C. the sediment should become more rounded as you look
up-section
D. all of these
E. none of these
Transgression/Regression
Changes in global sea-levels are most often caused by
shifts in climate. For example, a transgression would be
caused by an increase in the melting rate of polar ice
caps, which is in turn driven by:
A. a reduced greenhouse effect
B. an increase in atmospheric dust
C. an increase in global temperatures
D. a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide
Transgression/Regression
Changes in global sea-levels are most often caused by
shifts in climate. For example, a transgression would be
caused by an increase in the melting rate of polar ice
caps, which is in turn driven by:
A. a reduced greenhouse effect
B. an increase in atmospheric dust
C. an increase in global temperatures
D. a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide