Transcript Midterm 3 Review Session

Vitamins/Minerals Review for
Midterm #3
BIOL 103
Details on your midterm!
• 50 Multiple Choice questions (100 points)
• Short Answers
• Topics
– Chapter 9: Vitamins
– Chapter 10: Water and Minerals
– Chapter 11: Sports Nutrition
– Documentary Movie #1
Bring with you…
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Scantron (Green)
Pencil/Eraser
3x5 Cheat Sheet, double sided (optional)
No calculator is necessary!
Chapter 9: Vitamins
• Fat-soluble vs. water-soluble vitamins
– Which is stored in small or large amounts?
– Which is absorbed into blood or lymphatic
system?
– Which is more vulnerable to cooking losses?
Understanding Vitamins
• Food preparation affects vitamin content in
food
– Examples: Source, Sunlight, Moisture, Growing
conditions, plant’s maturity at harvest, packaging
and storage.
• Enrichment vs. Fortification
• Provitamins: inactive forms of vitamins
Categorize & Memorize
• For all of your vitamins, know:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fat or water soluble
Active form (fat-soluble)
Main functions
Deficiency/Toxicity
Food source
Interactions with other vitamins/minerals 
inhibition/absorption
Fat-Soluble Vitamin Example #1
• Vitamin A/Retinol
1. Food source: liver, egg yolks, milk
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Animals: retinoids
Plants: provitamin A carotenoids
2. Function: vision, cell development, immunity,
bones, reproduction, skin
3. Deficiency: Xerophtalmia, Hyperkeratosis
4. Toxicity: Teratogen, Discoloration of skin
Fat-Soluble Vitamin Example #2
• Vitamin K1/K2/menaquinones
1.
2.
3.
4.
Food source: Green veggies + gut bacteria
Function: Blood clotting, bone formations
Deficiency: Newborn at risk
Toxicity: may interfere with blood clotting meds
Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Many water-soluble vitamins act as coenzymes in
energy metabolism of macronutrients or as
antioxidants.
• What to keep in mind:
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Both their vitamin names/#s
Function
Food sources
Toxicity vs. Deficiency
Interactions with other vitamins/minerals 
inhibition/absorption
Water-Soluble Vitamin Examples
• Thiamin/B1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Food source: pork, seafood, nuts/seeds, grain
Functions: Coenzyme of TPP
Deficiency: Beriberi
Toxicity: None
• Niacin/B3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Food source: tryptophan from poultry
Functions: coenzyme in energy metabolism, FA synthesis
Deficiency: Pellegra (4 D’s)
Toxicity: Skin flushing, liver damage
Interaction: need B1, B6, and iron to convert to B3
Homocysteine
• High levels of homocysteine increases heart
disease
– B6/Pyridoxine
– B9/Folate
– B12/Cobalamin
– Choline
Anemia
• Anemia can be caused by:
– Low RBC count
• Copper deficiency – may be macro or micro or normocytic…
– Low amount of hemoglobin in each RBC.
• Microcytic vs. Macrocytic Anemia
– Microcytic hypochromic anemia: (small, pale)
• B6 or iron deficiency
– Macrocytic anemia: (enlarged, underdeveloped)
• B9 deficiency – needed for DNA and RBC synthesis
• B12 deficiency via pernicious anemia (damaged stomach linings)
Water
• When minerals or salts dissolve in water, they
form ions (electrolytes)
– Cations vs. Anions
• Osmosis: diluted to concentrated
• Functions of water
• Dehydration/Intoxication
Water Balance
• Water intake/sources of water?
• Water excretion:
– Insensible water loss (1/4-1/2): lungs and skin
– Urine
– Illness
– External factors (low humidity, salty foods, etc.)
• Regulation:
– Hormones (ADH, Aldosterone)
– Is thirst a reliable?
Understanding Minerals
• Minerals
– Inorganic
– Not destroyed by heat, light, acidity, alkalinity
– Micronutrients (needed in small amounts)
– Grouped as:
1. Major minerals: Na, K, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, S
2. Trace minerals: Fe, Zn, Se, I, Cu, Mn, Fl, Cr, Mo
– Involved in body structure and regulation
Categorize and Memorize!
• For all of your minerals, know:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Main functions
Deficiency/Toxicity
Food source
Interactions with other
vitamins/minerals/phytates/oxalates 
inhibition/absorption
Minerals Example
• Calcium
– Main functions: bone remodeling, muscle
contraction
– Food source: Dairy products, green vegetables
– Interactions with other vitamins/minerals 
inhibition/absorption:
• Enhances iron absorption
• Supplemental calcium inhibit zinc absorption
– Toxicity/deficiency?
Blood Calcium Regulation
1. Calcitriol: increase
calcium absorption in
the intestine
2. Parathyroid hormone:
– Activates osteoclasts to
release bone calcium 
increase blood calcium
3. Calcitonin: reduce
blood calcium
Absorption vs. Inhibition
• Enhances Absorption:
– Vitamin C  Iron
– Vitamins A, C, E  Selenium
• Inhibition/Competition:
– Copper, Iron, Zinc, (& Calcium)
– Magnesium, Calcium, Manganese (& Iron)
– Copper and Molybdenum
– Oxalate: Calcium + Iron
– Phytates: All the minerals
Relationships
• Need vitamins B1, B6, and iron to convert Tryptophan to
B3
• Copper & Iron
– Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent enzyme
required for iron transport.
• Copper & Zinc
– Wilson’s disease (genetic disorder that increases copper
absorption)
• Selenium & Iodine
– Goiters: Iodine deficiency can be caused by selenium
deficiency
Hypothyroidism
Terms I have bolded on the slides!
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Heme vs. non-heme iron
Ferritin vs. Transferrin
Hemoglobin vs. Myoglobin
Osteoblast vs. Osteoclast
Hydroxyapaptite
Keshan disease
Wilson’s disease