Transcript Water and Minerals: The Ocean Within

Water and Minerals:
The Ocean Within
BIOL 103, Chapter 10-2
Today’s Topic
• Trace Minerals:
– Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Copper, Manganese,
Fluoride, Chromium, Molybdenum
• Other Trace Minerals and Ultratrace minerals
Trace Minerals
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Cofactors for _____________
Components of _________________
Participate in many chemical reaction
Essential for:
– ______________________
– Immune System
Iron
• Functions:
1. ______________ transport (as part of hemoglobin and
myoglobin)
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Hemoglobin: carries oxygen in __________________
Myoglobin: moves oxygen into ______________________
2. Cofactor for enzymes
•
Participates in reactions involving energy production, amino acid
metabolism, muscle function, etc.
3. _____________________ function
4. Brain function
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Nerve cell ________________________: iron helps produce myelin sheath
Nerve cell ________________: iron helps produce
neurotransmitters
Regulation of Iron in the body
• Iron absorption depends on:
1. ________________ (primary factor)
• Absorption varies, depending on the person’s needs
• _________________ absorption when circulating iron and
iron reserves are low.
2. GI function
• Depends on __________________________
3.
______________________________ of iron in food
• 2 types of iron found in food:
– Heme iron: found in the hemoglobin and myoglobin of animal
foods
– Non-heme iron: iron in plants and animal foods that is not part of
hemoglobin or myoglobin.
Problem Set 10, Q3
• Explain the difference between heme and
non-heme iron. Which is absorbed better?
Iron
• Iron absorption is affected by the following dietary factors:
– Enhance (for non-heme iron): ______________________
– Inhibit:
• _______________________________________bind to non-heme
iron
• ______________________________________compete for absorption
• Transport and storage:
– Transporter: _______________________________
– Storage form of iron: ________________________
• Turnover and losses:
– Rapid growth and blood expansion (infant  young children)
– ____________________________ (menstruation, feces, sweat)
– _________________________(ulcer, cancer, parasitic infection)
Iron
• Food sources:
– Red meat, oyster, legumes, tofu, whole grains
• Deficiency:
– ________________________________
• Toxicity:
– Adult doses can cause poisoning in children
– Hereditary hemochromatosis – a genetic disorder in
which ____________________ results in abnormal
iron deposits in the liver and other tissues.
Zinc Functions
1.
Enzymes
– Helps provide _______________ or ___________ catalytic ability
• Ex: In the retina, zinc must interact with enzyme that activates vitamin A 
night vision
2.
Gene regulations
– Helps small proteins to fold so that the proteins can interact with
____________  “turns on” gene  _________________________
________________________________________
3.
Immune system
– Helps develop and maintain immune system
4.
Others:
– Taste perception
– ______________________________________
Regulation of Zinc in the Body
• Absorption:
– Similar to ________________
– Depends on body’s needs, zinc content of the meal,
and presence of competing minerals
– ______________ and supplemental calcium inhibit
absorption
• Transport, distribution, and excretion:
– Zinc circulates in the bloodstream bound to protein,
traveling to the liver and tissues.
• Food sources:
– Red meats, seafood
Zinc
• Deficiency:
– Uncommon, but may occur in people with illness that
impair absorption
• ______________ and ____________________________
• Toxicity:
– Usually rare
– Can cause copper deficiency:
• Q: Why is this is beneficial for those with Wilson’s disease
(genetic disorder that increases copper absorption)?
Selenium
• Functions:
– Part of _________________ enzyme
– __________ metabolism: selenium-dependent
enzymes __________ the major thyroid hormone.
– _______________ function
• Absorption and excretion:
– Bound to amino acid (MET or CYS)
– Enhance absorption: ________________
– Inhibits absorption: _________________
Selenium
• Food sources:
– Organ meats, fish, seafood, meats
• Deficiency:
– Increase susceptibility to some infections
– Keshan disease: enlarged heart disorder in children
– Worsens _________________ (low thyroid hormones
 slowing of mental/physical functions)
• Toxicity:
– _________________________
Iodine
• Function: _____________________production
• Food sources:
– __________________, fish, seafood, dairy
• Deficiency:
– Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland
• Low iodine  low thyroid hormone  produces more
___________________________  thyroid gland grows bigger
– Cretinism: mental retardation
• Occurs during pregnancy
– Can be caused by ________________ deficiency
• Toxicity:
– ____________________
• Too much iodine  inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis  less
thyroid hormone  thyroid gland grows bigger.
Problem Set 10 Question #4:
Q: Explain two ways someone can have
hypothyroidism. (Hint: which two minerals are
involved?)
Copper
• Functions:
– _______________________________production
– Immune function
– Involved with antioxidant enzyme
– Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper-dependent
enzyme required for ______________________.
• Absorption and storage:
– Absorption varies from ___________________
– Interferes with absorption: ________________
Copper
• Deficiency:
– Causes ___________________
• Because copper deficiency reduces production of red
and white blood cells
– Poor immune function
• Toxicity:
– Relatively non-toxic
• Food sources:
– Organ meats, shellfish, nuts, legumes
Manganese
• Functions:
– ________________ production
– ________________ formation
– Antioxidant enzyme systems
• Food sources:
– Tea, nuts, cereals
• Deficiency:
– Some illness may cause suboptimal Magnesium status:
•
__________________________________:
a progressive disease that destroys
myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord
• Toxicity:
– Incidents due to ___________________________
• Symptoms: hallucinations, memory/motor coordination.
Fluoride
• Functions:
– _____________________ structure by promoting
deposits of calcium and phosphorous.
• Fluoride Sources (Problem Set 10 Question# 5):
– Fluoridated water
– Fluoride supplements, toothpastes, mouthwash
• Toxicity:
– Excess can cause fluorosis: ______________________
____________________________________
• The fluoridation debate
Chromium
• Functions:
– __________________ metabolism
• Enhances insulin’s ability to move glucose into cells.
• Food sources:
– Mushrooms, dark chocolate, nuts, whole grains
• Deficiency and toxicity:
– Difficult to determine deficiency
– ______________
Molybdenum
• Functions:
– _______________ cofactor
• Food sources
– Peas, beans, organ meats, some breakfast cereals
• Absorption:
– Inhibit: ________________
• Deficiency/Toxicity:
– Deficiency: _____________
– Toxicity: _______________
Other Trace Minerals and
Ultratrace Minerals
• Ultratrace minerals: Iodine, Fluoride,
Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium
• (Pages 429-430)
– Other Trace Minerals: Arsenic, Boron, Nickel,
Silicon, Vanadium