Transcript No leaf clover

Increasing energy
Fifth
Fourth
Third
Second
First
• Further away
from the
nucleus means
more energy.
• There is no “in
between”
energy
• Energy Levels
The Quantum Mechanical Model
• Energy is quantized. It comes in chunks.
• A quanta is the amount of energy needed to move from one energy
level to another.
• Since the energy of an atom is never “in between” there must be a
quantum leap in energy.
• Schrödinger derived an equation that described the energy and
position of the electrons in an atom
Atomic Orbitals
• Principal Quantum Number (n) = the energy level of the electron.
• Within each energy level the complex math of Schrödinger's
equation describes several shapes.
• These are called atomic orbitals
• Regions where there is a high probability of finding an electron
S sublevel has 1 orbital
• The S sublevel starts in the 1st energy level
• Looks like a sphere
• Each orbital can hold 2 electrons
P sublevel contains 3 orbitals
• Start at the second energy level
• Looks like a dumbbell
• Each orbital can hold 2 electrons
The D sublevel contains 5 D orbitals
• The D sublevel starts in the 3rd energy level
• Looks like a four leaf clover
• Each orbital can hold 2 electrons
The F sublevel has 7 F orbitals
•
•
•
•
The F sublevel starts in the fourth energy level
The F sublevel has seven (orbitals)
Looks like a ?????
2 electrons per orbital
1
2
3
4
5
6
group # = # valence (outside) e-
1A
1
2A
8A
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
2
Row 3
=
4
# shells
5
6
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B
s
d
p
7
6
7
f
Subshells d and f are “special”
group # = # valence e-
1A
period # = # e- shells
1
8A
2A
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
2
3
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B
4
3d
5
4d
5d
6d
6
7
d
6 4f
7 5f
f
Summary
Starts at
energy
level
Sublevel
# of shapes
(orbitals)
Max # of
electrons
s
1
2
1
p
3
6
2
d
5
10
3
f
7
14
4
THIS SLIDE IS ANIMATED
IN FILLING ORDER 2.PPT
H = 1s1
1s
He = 1s2
1s
Li = 1s2 2s1
1s
2s
1s
2s
1s
2s
2px 2py
2pz
1s
2s
2px 2py
2pz
Be = 1s2 2s2
C = 1s2 2s2 2p2
S = 1s2 2s2 2p4
3s
3px
3py
3pz