Transcript Periodic Table

Periodic Table
Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 74
Guiding Questions
Why is the periodic table so important?
Why is the periodic table shaped the way it's shaped?
Why do elements combine? Why do elements react?
What other patterns are there in the world and how do
they help us?
Table of Contents
‘Periodic Table’
How to Organize Elements
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Modern Periodic Table
Groups of Elements
Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
Discovering Elements
Origin of Names of Elements
Selected Elements
Electron Filling Order
Diatomic Molecules
Size of Atoms – Trends
Ionization Energy
Summary of Periodic Trends
Essential Elements
Element Project
Atomic Structure and Periodicity
You should be able to
Identify characteristics of and perform calculations with frequency and
wavelength.
Know the relationship between types of electromagnetic radiation and
Energy; for example, gamma rays are the most damaging.
Know what exhibits continuous and line spectra.
Know what each of the four quantum numbers n, l, m, and ms represents.
Identify the four quantum numbers for an electron in an atom.
Write complete and shorthand electron configurations as well as orbital
diagrams for an atom or ion of an element.
Identify the number and location of the valence electrons in an atom.
Apply the trends in atomic properties such as atomic radii, ionization
energy, electronegativity, electron affinity, and ionic size.
Calcium atom = [Ar]4s2
Potassium atom = [Ar]4s1
p = 20
n = 20
e = 20
p = 19
n = 20
e = 19
Ca  2 e- + Ca2+
K  e- + K1+
Potassium ion = K1+ ≡ [Ar]
1s22s22p63s23p6
Calcium ion = Ca2+ ≡ [Ar] or
1s22s22p63s23p6
18e
19e19+
18e
20e-
>
20+
Oxygen atom = [He]2s22p4
Fluorine atom = [He] 2s22p5
p= 9
n = 10
e= 9
p= 8
n= 8
e= 8
F + e-  F1-
O + 2 e-  O2Oxide ion = O2- ≡ [Ne]
Oxygen
1s22s22p6
Fluoride
Fluorine ion = F1- ≡ [Ne]
1s22s22p6
8
6 e8+
8
7 e-
<
9+
Energy Level Diagram of a Many-Electron Atom
6s
6p
5d
4f
32
5s
5p
4d
18
4s
4p
3d
18
Arbitrary
Energy Scale
3s
3p
8
2s
2p
8
1s
2
NUCLEUS
O’Connor, Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 177