Transcript PowerPoint
Chemistry 101 What is Chemistry? The study of MATTER and changes in MATTER What is Matter? The smallest, most basic unit of “stuff” in the universe. It has mass and volume. Why does Matter matter? • Matter makes up Atoms • Atoms make up Elements • Elements can combine to make Molecules • Elements and Molecules make up Chemicals • Chemicals make up everything around us! Sounds simple enough, right? Let’s make things a little more complicated… Atoms • Are made up of matter • The matter is organized into three types of particles • Protons • Electrons • Neutrons Atomic Particles • Protons are positive • Neutrons are neutral • Electrons are negative Are found in the atom’s nucleus Are found in the electron cloud around the nucleus electron neutron proton Electronic Rain? • Electron clouds are not actually little clouds of electrons around the nucleus. • An electron cloud is a drawing that represents the likelihood that an electron will be found in a general area around the nucleus. • Electrons are SO fast that we can never actually tell where one is. Well, if we can’t see them…. • How do we know where they are? • In 1911, Dr. Ernest Rutherford performed an experiment. • He shot a beam of high energy alpha particles at a very thin piece of gold foil. • He detected where the particles hit with a detecting screen made with zinc sulfide. © Murray Robertson 2001 - 2005 RSC chemsoc timeline, http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline//pages/1911.html The Gold Foil Experiment • Rutherford found out that most of the particles went straight through, but about 1 in 8000 bounced off. • He determined that most of the atom was made up of 'empty space'. • Before this, everyone figured atoms were solid mixes of all the different particles. • This is how we know the weight of an atom is all in a small nucleus in the center. Atomic Notation • X is the chemical symbol • A is the atomic number – A = # of protons • M is the atomic mass – M = # protons + neutrons Isotopes • Elements are determined by their number of protons. This number does not change. • Elements with a different number of neutrons than protons are called isotopes. • Some elements have many isotopes, some have none. • Isotopes are identified by atomic mass. Ions • Elements are determined by their number of protons. This number does not change. • Elements with a different number of electrons than protons are called ions. • If an element loses an electron, it becomes more positive and is called a cation. • If an element gains an electron, it becomes more negative and is called an anion. Ion Notation • Ions are notated by placing a positive or negative sign after the chemical symbol. • If there is more than one charge, the number is placed before the charge. Back to our first definition • Chemistry is the study of matter AND changes in matter. • What kind of changes are we talking about? Physical v. Chemical Changes • Physical changes do not actually change matter, they just reshape it. – melting – freezing – boiling – condensing – sublimating* – crushing – bending • Chemical changes change the arrangement of matter at the molecular level. – burning – rusting – chemical reactions! * we’ll get to this word, don’t worry State changes • Some physical changes are called “state changes”. • These occur when matter shifts between a solid, liquid, or gas state. solid gas melting condensing solid liquid liquid sublimating boiling freezing gas gas solid Congratulations! You are now on your way to becoming a chemist.