Transcript Anatomy & Physiology

Atomic Structure
Chemistry – study of
matter
Matter – anything with
mass and volume
Smallest, stable pieces of
matter - atoms
Atomic Structure
0 Protons = positive charge, mass 1 Dalton, found in nucleus
designated by atomic number
unique to each element
0 Neutrons = neutral/no charge, mass 1 Dalton, found in nucleus
Mass number – protons = neutrons
can vary within same element - Isoptope
0 Electrons = negative charge, very small mass, found in orbitals
in elemental form # protons = # neutrons
electrons can be gained/lost or shared
reactivity (bonding) of elements depends on electrons
Elements
0 Element – substance composed of only one type of atom
0 Human body contains: 13 elements make up majority and 14
other elements in trace amounts.
0 CHNOPS
0 C HOPKINS CaFe Mg NaCl
“ Charlie Hopin’s café, mighty good with salt”
0 Si, F, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se, Co, Mo, Cd, Cr, Sn, Al, B and V
Vitamin ads , “from A to zinc”
Vitamin vs. mineral vs. nutrient
Vitamin = organic compound required in very small amounts; fat soluble and
water soluble; function as coenzymes
Mineral = inorganic; usually associated with electrolytes (ions)
Nutrient = both inorganic and organic substances – all can be broken down by
the body and used as fuel (carbs, fats, proteins, etc)
Isotopes
0 Atomic weight = average mass of the atoms of an element
0 This is decimal because of isotopes
0 Measured in amu (atomic mass units) or Daltons
0 Mass number = atomic mass rounded to whole number; #
protons + # neutrons = Mass number
0 Mass number - # protons = # neutrons
0 Isotopes = varying forms of the same element with different
numbers of neutrons.
0 Carbon12 and Carbon 14
0 Some are radioactive
0 Some are valuable in medical research
Electrons and Energy Levels
0 Electrons are found in electron clouds than contain
electron shells or orbitals
0 1st level holds 2 electrons
0 Other levels hold 8. (yes there are d and f orbitals that
hold more – but they over lap with other s and p
orbitals, so outer most is never more than 8)
0 Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell –
these determine element reactivity by forming bonds
1 e-
2 e-
3 e-
+1
+2
+3
4 e-
6 e-
+4
5 e- -2
-4
-3
7 e-1
Balancing equations
0 H2 + O2  H2O
2H2 + O2  2 H2O based on e- in outer shell
Bicarbonate Buffer system used in blood/body…
Try ChemIQ app
Bonds
0 Ionic bonds – formed when there is a large difference in
electronegativity between atoms. Electron(s) leave one atom and move
to another atom
0 Atom loosing electrons becomes positive
0 Atoms gaining electrons becomes negative
0 Covalent bonds – bonds are formed because atoms are overlapping and
share electrons
0 Non polar covalent – shared evenly ( lipids and carbohydrates)
0 Polar covalent – uneven sharing of electrons creates region of charge known
as poles
0 Hydrogen bonds – form between molecules because regions or edges of
molecules have slight charges (important in water and proteins)
0 Van derWaal interactions – regions of slight charge because electrons
are in constant motion and vary around double bonds
Calculations
0 Molecular weight = sum of atomic weights for atoms
within a molecule
0 Water ; H2O (2 H x 1.001) + (1 O x 15.998) = 18
0 Mole – 6.02 x 10 23 molecules in the gram atomic
weight of a molecule
0 Molarity – number of moles in a liter of solution
0 Micrograms
0 Micrograms / L or even dL
0 pH – amount of H+ in a solution
0 Relative to OH- ions
Energy
0 Energy is the ability to do work
0 Kinetic energy – energy of motion; transferred
0 Potential energy – stored energy; bonds
0 Lots of work done in body/ cells;
0 Transport across cell membranes
0 Move ions across membrane
0 Contract muscle fibers
0 Build organic compounds (anabolism)
0 Decompose organic compounds (catabolism)
0 ATP is the currency cells – energy is in the P~P bonds
Solutions
0 Solution = one substance dissolved in another
0 Solvent = does the dissolving (liquid or larger amount)
0 Solute = is dissolved (solid or smaller amount)
0 Aqueous solution – solution where the solvent is water
common in body/ cells
electrolytes – ions in solution that are able to conduct
electricity. Required for all systems and body functions.