Transcript The Structure of an Atom - Jefferson City Schools

The Structure of an Atom
SPS1
By: Lauren Lancaster and Wade
Lipham
Protons- positively
charged particles
in the nucleus of
an atom.
Electrons- the
negatively
charged particles
in an atom.
Neutrons- neutral
particles in the
nucleus of an atom.
The element’s identity
number is found by
the number of protons
found in the element.
If the number of
protons is changed in
an element it is no
longer the same
element.
Atomic Mass- This
includes the protons
and neutrons in the
nucleus of an element.
Atomic Number- The
number of protons and
electrons in an atom.
Isotopes are
atoms of the
same element
with different
numbers of
neutrons.
Isotopes
Hydrogen has three isotopes:
Protium which has a mass of 1 and
has one proton and no neutrons
Deuterium which has a mass of 2
and has one proton and one
neutron
Tritium which has a mass of 3 and
has one proton and two neutrons
Isotopes do not
change the element’s
identity number but it
does affect the
element’s atomic
mass.
Covalent and Ionic
Covalent
• Equal
sharing of
valence
electrons
• Non- metal
with a nonmetal
Both
Ionic
•Kinds of bonds • Transfer of
valence
•Move valence
electrons
electrons
• Metal and a
non- metal
Questions
1. How do you determine the number of protons
in an element?
Look at the Atomic number, this number also tells the number
of electrons
2. What is one difference between ionic and
covalent bonds.
See the graph on slide 5
3. Where are protons and neutrons located?
Inside the nucleus of an atom
4. What does and isotope affect about an
element?
An isotope affects the elements
atomic mass
• SPS2: Students will explore the
nature of matter, its classifications,
and its system for naming types of
matter.
Calculating Density
Density equals mass divided by volume (D= m/V)
EXAMPLEm= 14g
V= 7cm^3
So… 14g divide by 7cm^3 = 2g/cm^3
Predicting Formulas for Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Ionic bonds- These result from the transfer of electrons from
one atom to another.
EXAMPLE: AlO becomes Al2O3
Covalent bonds- These form when two or more elements
Share electrons to create a stronger outer shell.
EXAMPLE: Hydrogen (H) has 1 electron and it wants 2. H
shares electrons with another H in order to have 2 electrons.
It becomes H2.
The Law of Conservation of Matter
This law states that matter and energy are neither created nor
destroyed. They can, however, be interchanged with each other.
Synthesis: Na + Cl = NaCl
Decomposition: NaCl = Na + Cl
Single Replacement: NaCl + F = NaF + Cl
Double Replacement: NaCl + LiBr = NaLi + ClBr
SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and
components of radioactivity
The spontaneous release of energy and
particles from the nucleus of an atom.
An Isotopes of radioactive elements.
An atom of the same element with a different
number of neutrons.
SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and
components of radioactivity
A wave of energy traveling as particles and
contains two protons and two neutrons.
A wave of energy as an electron is given off by
a radioisotope.
Waves of energy given off as isotopes.
SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and
components of radioactivity
Radiation
Alpha
Particles
Beta
Particles
Gamma
Rays
Particles/
Waves
Charge
Energy
level
2 Protons Positive
low
2 Neutrons
1 electron negative medium
Waves of
energy
No
charge
High
Stopped
by:
paper
1 cm
Lead
concrete
Most dangerous type of radiation
SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and
components of radioactivity
The splitting the nucleus of an atom into
smaller pieces. It is used to make nuclear
energy.
A nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to
form a bigger nuclei that releases energy.
SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and
components of radioactivity
The time it takes for half of the particles in the
nucleus to decay. It breaks down elements
into smaller harmless elements. Elements with
larger atomic numbers have a longer half-life.
Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.
SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and
components of radioactivity
Fission is used to create nuclear energy. It is
used daily across the country. In medicine we
use radioactive isotopes like arsenic to find brain
tumors. In agriculture we radiate our animal and
plant food so they
will grow faster.
There are many
disadvantages that
comes with nuclear
energy. Such as…..
SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and
components of radioactivity
The
basis
for
a
nuclear
What
is
the
spontaneous
release
of
What is the time it takes
for half
energy and
particlesisfrom
a nucleus of
reaction
what?
of a particle
to
decay?
an atom?
FISSION
Radioactivity
HALF-LIFE
Click for answer!
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Solute- a substance that dissolves into a
solution. ex. salt.
Solvent- a substance that dissolves a solute to
make a solution. ex. water
Conductivity- when melted or dissolved in
water, ionic compounds conduct electricity.
Cl-
O
H
Na+
H
Cl-
ClNa+
Na+
Cl-
Concentration- the quantity of solute dissolved in a given
quantity of solution
SPS6
• When dissolving in a solvent, a solute will
dissolve better when warm.
• The size of the particles of solvent also
affect the rate of solubility.
• Stirring a solute helps with the rate at
which a solute will dissolve.
SPS6
S
o
l
u
b
i
l
i
t
y
Temperature
SPS6
• Acids
• Solid or liquid compounds that
contain hydrogen
• Sour in taste
• Can be detected by litmus
indicator paper
• a strong acid will release many
hydrogen ions into a water
solution
• A very strong acid can corrode
metal
Bases
•Alkaline solutions
•Bitter in taste
•Slippery
•Contain hydroxide ions
•A strong base is poisonous and
corrosive to the skin
•Will dissolve fats and oils
SPS6
• Examples of Acids
•
•
•
•
Lemons
Tea
Sour milk
Vinegar
Examples of Bases
lye (used in soap)
ammonia
milk of magnesia
deoderant/anti-persperant
• Examples of Neutrals
• Water
SPS10
Properties of
electricity and
magnetism
SPS10
• Static Electricity - type of electrical charge caused by
friction between two objects
• Friction - force between surfaces that composes motion
SPS10
Induction - The generation of electromotive force in a closed
circuit by a varying magnetic flux through the circuit
SPS10
Conduction - movement of heat
energy through a substance by
direct contact between the
particles.
SPS10
Flow of Electrons
• Alternating Current - an electric current that changes
direction at regualr intervals, also called AC
• Direct Current - an electric current that has a constant flow
of electrons in a single direction, also called DC
Voltage, Resistance, and Current
SPS10
• This relationship is called Ohm's law: The relationship
among voltage, current, and resistance are within the
circuit. The size of the current that flows in a circuit varies
in the proportion of the voltage which is applied to the
circuit, and in inverse proportion to the resistance through
which it must pass.
Magnetism
SPS10
• Electomagnets - magnets made by winding wire around
a core and passing electricity through the wire.
SPS10
• Permanent Magnets - magnets that are magnetic all the
time
SPS10
• Simple Motors - converts
electrical energy into
mechanical energy,