Transcript THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE

WEED INVASIONS IN
THE MEDITERRANEAN
WITH SELECTED
EXAMPLES
Ahmet ULUDAG
Project Manager on Invasive Alien Species
European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark
Ilhan UREMIS
Associate Professor of Weed Science
Faculty of Agriculture, MKU University, Hatay, Turkey
Huseyin ZENGIN
Professor of Weed Science
Faculty of Agriculture, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey
European Environment Agency
Aliens (anthropophyta)
Permanently Established (metaphyta)
Older immigrants, before 1500 A.D. (archaeophyta)
- introduced (archaeophyta adventiva)
- man-made (archaeophyta anthropogena)
- survived in man-made habitats only (anthropophyta resistentia)
Newcomers, after 1500 A.D. (kenophyta=neophyta)
- established only in ruderal and/or segetal communities (epoecophyta)
- established in semi-natural communities (hemiagriophyta)
-established in natural communities (holoagriophyta=neophyta)
Not Permanently established (diaphyta)
-introduced temporarily (ephemerophyta)
-escaping from cultivation (ergasiophygophyta)
Di Castri et al. 1990
European Environment Agency
INVASIVE ARCHAOEPHYTES IN
FLORA OF ITALY
Abutilon theophrasti Medik.
Arundo donax L.
(Malvaceae Europe, Asia-Temp)
(Poaceae Europe, Asia-Temp)
Cyperus serotinus Rottb.
(Cyperaceae Europe, Asia-Temp, Asia-Trop)
Isatis tinctoria L. subsp. tinctoria
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.
Oryza sativa L.
(Brassicaceae wide distribution)
(Amaranthaceae Asia-Temp, Indian Subcontinent)
(Poaceae Asia-Temp, Asia-Trop)
Ricinus communis L.
(Euphorbiaceae Trop Africa)
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.
(Poaceae Tropics (Africa, Asia))
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.
Celesti-Grapov et al. 2009
(Poaceae Tropics (Africa, Asia))
European Environment Agency
Catalonia
Czech
Republic
Great
Britain
Native Species
c. 2950
2256
1455
Archaeophytes
-
258
151
264
229
259
Neophytes
Chytry et al. 2008
European Environment Agency
Solanum elaeagnifolium
naturalezaenquinto.blogspot.com;stampmight.com
European Environment Agency
Solanum elaeagnifolium is native to
north-east Mexico and south-west
USA where it is a weed
It is also considered native to
Argentina, the nature of the insect
herbivorous fauna suggesting that
this distribution is secondary
EPPO, 2007
European Environment Agency
DISTRIBUTION OF SOLANUM ELAEAGNIFOLIUM
EPPO region:
Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Republic of
Macedonia, Morocco, Serbia, Montenegro, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey
Asia:
India (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu), Israel, Taiwan
Africa:
Algeria, Egypt, Lesotho, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe
North America:
Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida,
Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North
Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas,
Utah, Washington)
Central America and Caribbean:
Guatemala, Honduras, Puerto Rico
South America:
Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay
Oceania:
Australia (all states).
EPPO, 2007
European Environment Agency
Introduction to Morocco is believed to have resulted from the
import of contaminated crop seeds in 1958, and it now infests 50
000 ha in the Tadla region and it is spreading to other regions
such as El-Kelâa des Sraghna and Marrakech.
In South Africa, it is thought to have been imported as a
contaminant of pig fodder around 1905, and/or hay during the
1940s or 1950s, being recorded as a problem in 1952 and
declared a weed in 1966.
Similarly, infestations in South Australia are linked to imports of
contaminated hay from North America during the 1914 drought,
although the weed was first recorded in New South Wales in
1901 and then in Victoria in 1909. Later infestations in Western
Australia appeared from contaminated Sudan grass (Sorghum
sudanense) introduced from eastern Australia.
In the USA, where the plant is native to some south-western
States, contaminated ballast and bedding used in railway cattle
wagons led to the introduction of the weed into California in
1890
EPPO, 2007
European Environment Agency
EPPO, 2007
European Environment Agency
Since the Mediterranean climate favours S.
elaeagnifolium, which is highly resistant to drought, it
easily spread in semiarid areas.
S. elaeagnifolium could become more problematic in the
Mediterranean because the climate change projections
predict a reduction in rainfall and increasing the
frequency of drought years in the region.
Furthermore, its northern potential limit would be
extended depending on elevation in winter temperatures.
In addition, the reasons for spread could be lack of timely
detection and rapid response in the regions where the
plant was introduced and distribution pathways were not
well controlled.
European Environment Agency
effects of climate change on parasitic plants
• direct effects on parasite growth and survival
• changes in host defense or resistance
• changes in the abundance of the parasite's
natural enemies
• changes in host nutritional quality
• changes in the abundance of the hosts’ natural
enemies
• changes at farming practices
Based on Phoenix & Press, 2005
European Environment Agency
Populations of the root parasite only exist in
regions with mediterranean climate, although
individuals are able to reach maturity under
conditions of temperate climate, too, and
although O. crenata seeds can survive
temperatures of -20 °C. The dormancy
behaviour of its seeds is likely to impede the
northward spread of this species, since in a
continuously moist environment, hardly any
dormancy release takes place. Results of
sensitivity analyses using simulation models
suggest that a change to warmer and/or drier
climate would substantially increase the risk of
O. crenata establishment at higher latitudes.
Grenz and Sauerborn, 2006
European Environment Agency
Grenz and Sauerborn, 2006
European Environment Agency
The European environment – state and outlook 2010
http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer
European Environment Agency
Grenz and Sauerborn, 2006
European Environment Agency
• Species distribution may be altered in the future as a result of
global change. Recent climatic records indicate trends toward
an expansion of tropical and dry climates, and a decrease of
boreal and cold climates, driven mainly by global warming
(IPCC, 2001; Beck et al., 2005).
• Where increasing dryness is mitigated by irrigation, patterns of
alternating wet and dry periods conducive to O. crenata
establishment may emerge.
• Effects of global change on the distribution of species driven by
altered climate will be further modified by biotic interactions
and species dispersal (Davis et al., 1998).
• Lastly, host crop production is subject to developments in the
socioeconomic sphere that are hard to foresee. Changed
rotations as a response of farmers to global warming,
increased prices of imported soybean or decreased
fertiliser use due to environmental legislation may, for
example, induce increased legume production in western
Europe, which in combination with a warmer climate would
result in increased risk of O. Crenata establishment.
European Environment Agency
S. Gesnerioides occurs
throughout Africa, and
attacks broad leave plants.
It develops host-specific
strains, each with a narrow
host range. The most
economically important
being those attacking
cowpea and tobacco
S. hermonthica is a serious
pest to cereal production
(sorghum, maize, millet,
rice), especially in the Sahel
region (Senegal to Ethiopia),
where it has developed two
host-specific strains: one
specific to millet, occurring
in the drier and more
northerly region of the
Sahel; and another that
attacks sorghum and is
found farther south, in
wetter regions
Mohamed et al. 2006
European Environment Agency
Broad climatic tolerances make
S. hermonthica a dangerous
parasite throughout its range.
S. hermonthica can attain 50 percent
germination in 3 d at1.2 MPa and 30C, and
was successfully conditioned and
germinated at1.5 MPa, which is described
as the permanent wilting point for most
plants, and that it tolerates wide ranges of
day/night temperatures between 40/30
and 25/15C.
European Environment Agency
Problems with witchweeds could be
compounded by climate change, which
may result in new invasions in areas
anticipated to have higher temperatures
and moisture within the ranges tolerated
by witchweeds.
Although Striga species need wet
conditions and drier climatic conditions
are expected in Mediterranean, they
might create problem in suitable areas
because of their greater ability to adapt
to different habitats and agroecosystems
by developing host-specific strains, each
capable of attacking a narrow host range.
European Environment Agency
Likely impacts of global change on the
prevalence of a typical invasive plant species
Element of global change
Prevalence of plant invaders
Increased atmospheric CO2
Rising temperature
Changing precipitation regime
Changing land use or land cover
Increased N deposition
Increased global commerce
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Bradley et al., 2010
European Environment Agency
THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF
GLOBAL CHANGE (1)
• Population change
Human population movement/migrations
Demographic growth
Changes in population pattern
• Changes in land use and disturbance regimes
Deforestation
Degradation, simplification or loss of
habitats
Loss of biodiversity
Heywood, 2010
European Environment Agency
THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF
GLOBAL CHANGE (2)
• Climate change (IPPC definition)
Temperature change
Precipitation change
Atmospheric change (greenhouse gases: carbon
dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide)
• Other climate-related factors
Distribution of Nitrogen deposition
Global dust deposition (including brown dust and
yellow dust)
Ocean acidification
Air pollution in mega-cities
European Environment Agency
Hellmann et al., 2008
European Environment Agency
The European environment – state and outlook 2010
http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer
European Environment Agency
• Climate change is projected to play a
substantial role in biodiversity loss and
puts ecosystem functions at risk.
• northward and uphill distribution shifts
of many European plant species
• A combination of the rate of climate
change and habitat fragmentation may
lead to species composition changes
and a continuing decline in European
biodiversity
The European environment – state and outlook 2010
http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer
European Environment Agency
• Changes in seasonal events, flowering dates and
agricultural growing seasons are observed and
projected.
• Phenology shifts have also increased the length
of the growing season of several agricultural
crops in northern latitudes over recent decades,
favoring the introduction of new species that
were not previously suitable
• There has been a shortening of the growing
season at southern latitudes
• Such changes in the cycles of agricultural crops
are projected to continue — potentially severely
impacting agricultural practices
The European environment – state and outlook 2010
http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer
European Environment Agency
• The distribution and intensity of
existing pest, diseases, and weeds are
likely to be more abundant.
• Currently exotic species may appear
under a warmer climate, which would
lead to changed effects on yield and
on control measures.
• The need for plant protection will grow
and the use of pesticides and
fungicides may increase.
EEA, 2005
European Environment Agency
Intensive
farming
systems
in
western Europe generally have a
low sensitivity to climate change,
and farmers are well resourced and
equipped to cope with changes.
However, the agriculture sector in
southern European countries may
be among the most vulnerable to
the direct and indirect impacts of
projected climate change.
EEA, 2005
European Environment Agency
Copenhagen 14 August 2010
Borrowed from Georgi
European Environment Agency
Borrowed from Georgi
European Environment Agency
Experimental studies and models
suggest that invasive plants often
respond unpredictably to multiple
components of global change acting
in concert.
Such variability adds uncertainty to
existing risk assessments and other
predictive tools.
European Environment Agency