Transcript Clean Technolgy Transfer - Africa Climate Solution

POST-KYOTO NEGOTIATIONS: CLEAN TECHNOLGY TRANSFER
BRIAN KAGORO
CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
IN AFRICA

Africa contributes only about 3.8% of total GHGs

Yet African countries are among the most vulnerable to
climate change, because of the following factors:
 High poverty levels
 Heavy reliance on climate-sensitive sectors (e.g. rain-fed




agriculture, mining, oil & gas, fisheries, forests, tourism, etc.)
Poor economic and social infrastructure
Existing stresses on health and well being (e.g., HIV/AIDS,
illiteracy)
Conflicts
Low adaptive capacity (limited human, institutional,
technological and financial capacities)
CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
IN AFRICA

Africa is already witnessing impacts of Climate change,
which will worsen with time, if decisive actions are not
taken now:

Constrained agricultural production and increasing food
crisis/insecurity

Increasing water stress and related water conflicts

Increasing energy constraints, further impeding industrial
development

Expanding range and prevalence of vector-borne diseases
(malaria, cholera, yellow fever, rift valley fever)

Rising sea level impacting livelihoods in coastal areas

Loss of biodiversity, forests and other natural habitats

Increased risks of conflicts arising from climate-induced
population migrations (pastoralists)
FACING UP TO THE CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE:
GLOBAL RESPONSE

Bali Roadmap: a two-year process of multilateral
negotiation to finalize a post-2012 global agreement
(regime) on climate change by December 2009

Review of the Protocol scheduled from 2008

Negotiations to be articulated around:

Mitigation

Adaptation

Technology development and transfer

Financing
FINANCING CONSIDERATIONS
Funding for a new mechanism should be:
 Adequate, stable, and secure: Developed countries
should commit to provide stable funding that is
sufficient to the task at hand, and that will remain
so in the future.
 Measurable, reportable and verifiable: Consistent
with the requirements of the Bali Action Plan,
capacity building and technology financing and
transfer to support mitigation efforts in developing
countries should be measurable, reportable and
verifiable.
FINANCING CONSIDERATIONS 2


Additional to existing ODA: Funding for technology transfer
must be new and additional. Developed countries should not
meet their commitments under the UNFCCC and the Bali
Action Plan to finance the transfer of environmentally sound
technologies by diverting funds from other development
assistance programs. Similarly, funding provided outside of
the authority of the UNFCCC should not be regarded as part
of these commitments.
UNFCCC, Art. 4.3 emphasizes the need for “adequacy and
predictability” in the flow of funds from developed countries
in financing their commitments under the Convention. See
also, Proposal by the G77 & China for a Technology
Mechanism under the UNFCCC.
FINANCING CONSIDERATIONS 3




UNFCCC, Report of the Conference of the Parties on its
thirteenth session, held in Bali from 3 to 15 December
2007, Decision 1/CP.13, “Bali Action Plan”, para. 1(b)(ii).
UNFCCC Arts. 4.1c, 4.3 and 4.5.
Proposal by the G77 & China for a Technology Mechanism
under the UNFCCC; China’s Views on Enabling the Full,
Effective and Sustained Implementation of the Convention
Through Long-Term Cooperative Action Now, Up to and
Beyond 2012, at 2 (September 2008).
Proposal by the G77 & China for a Technology Mechanism
under the UNFCCC.
FINANCING CONSIDERATIONS
Financing from the new mechanism should be:
 Provided on a grant or concessionary basis: In accordance with basic principles of
equity and “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”
Article 11 of the UNFCCC specifies that a mechanism for the provision of financial
resources and transfer of technology should operate on a grant or concessional
basis. Any new mechanisms created for the post-2012 commitment period should
also operate on this basis.
 Unencumbered by unrelated policy conditions: The mechanism should be used to
support policy reforms to facilitate research and development and investment in
clean technology in carbon-intensive sectors such as energy, transportation, and
forestry. However, it must be sensitive to preserving the domestic political space to
craft policy solutions that are responsive to local needs. Funding therefore should
not be tied to unrelated issues such as reforms in macroeconomic policy. UNFCCC,
Art. 11.1.
 See, e.g. UNDP’s proposal for a Climate Change Mitigation Facility, UNDP, Human
Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a
Divided World, Summary, at 30; Proposal by the G77 & China for a Technology
Mechanism under the UNFCCC.
ELIGIBILITY OF TECHNOLOGY 1
The mechanism should prioritize the transfer and dispersion of
technologies that:
 Have been prioritized through an inclusive and participatory
country-driven assessment processes: Technology needs
should be identified through a country-driven process such
as Technology Needs Assessment or a National Adaptation
Plan of Action. Key stakeholders from government, civil
society, and business should have a meaningful voice in
assessing technology needs, and designing and
implementing technology transfer strategies plans. Funds
should be available for research and development to
promote indigenous solutions to local needs.
ELIGIBILITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2


Promote the transition to low-carbon energy pathways: The
mechanism should only finance technologies that will facilitate a shift
away from fossil fuel-based energy sources. It should not support
new investments in incrementally more efficient processes for
burning fossil fuels, such as supercritical coal technology.
Improve the efficiency of existing infrastructure and systems: The
mechanism should prioritize end-use efficiency and demand side
management systems that are often the least-cost energy solutions.
(Climate Technology Initiative, Methods for Climate Change
Technology Transfer Needs Assessments and Implementing Activities
(2002).UNFCCC, Decision 5/CP7 and Decision 28/CP7 (2002).
World Resources Institute, Contributions to a World Bank
Administered Clean Technology Fund, at 2 (2008).
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT & POVERTY
ERADICATION 1
The mechanism should also prioritize the transfer and
dispersion of technologies that:
 Expand access to essential energy services for the
poorest: The mechanism should prioritize affordable,
locally controlled technologies that can provide secure
and affordable energy services to the 2 billion of the
world’s poorest citizens who currently lack such
services.
 Promote economic self-determination and
empowerment of the poorest: The mechanism should
also finance technologies that reduce dependence and
promote self-sufficiency for poor communities.
SSD & POVERTY ERADICATION 2

Address the particular needs of women: Priority
should also be given to energy technologies
that may alleviate the disproportionate burdens
of poverty that fall on women, such as the
physical and health burdens associated with
collecting and cooking with firewood.
BARRIERS 1
inadequate access to information about clean
technology, including cost comparisons, records of
performance, technical specifications, and
suitability
 technical barriers to transferring technology,
including a lack of infrastructure, limited skills and
technical capabilities of firms to manage and
adapt technologies, as well as a technology
knowledge-base with capacity for operation and
maintenance.

BARRIERS 2
lack of access to financing instruments and credit
for higher-cost of clean technologies, as well as
insufficient investment for research and
development.
 cultural barriers exist, such as consumer
preferences and social biases for absorbing,
adapting, and accepting technologies.
 Many developed countries cite political instability,
corruption, and lack of civil society in the
developing world as barriers to transfer.

BARRIERS 3


intellectual property rights (IPRs) has emerged as a one
of the most serious potential barriers to transferring
clean technology. IPRs are creations and inventions,
including copyrights, trademarks, and patents that
provide the holder of these properties exclusive legal
rights to control how their inventions are used,
especially for commercial purposes.
Developing countries, however, see IPRs as limiting their
access to at least two of the most essential ingredients
of sustainable development: knowledge and
technology.
BARRIERS 4

The degree to which IPRs will act as a
significant barrier to transferring technologies
depends on many questions, including whether
the particular technology already patented or
will be patented, whether substitutes are
available and affordable, and, if so, whether
they are competitive in cost and performance.
Another key question is whether the licensing
terms of technology will be acceptable to those
who most need it.
BARRIERS 5

some broad patent might complicate the
development of a major category of new moreefficient or less-expensive technologies,”
blocking the way for innovation by others,
including in solar but particularly in wind,
where four firms control seventy-five percent of
the global market. IPRs can restrict access in
several ways, including ripple effects due to the
existing concentration in the industry.
FINANCING POST-2012 1
Shifting financial incentives to make climate
technologies not only affordable to buy but
profitable to sell
 Share Clean Energy “Software” by CapacityBuilding with Lessons Learned
 Share Clean Energy “Hardware” by relaxing
Intellectual Property Rights
 relax IPRs for climate friendly technologies

POZNAN PROCESS: AFRICA PROPOSALS
Submission, technical consultant has drafted a
submission on the importance of bio-carbon in
Africa for consideration by member
states(Zambia & Kenya have expressed interest
to make the formal submission to the HLF)
 Side Event
 Ministerial Statement
 Press Conference with Media follow up(EU &
USA)
