Transcript A brief history of REDD

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST
NATIONAL REDD+ SECRETARIAT
Tigray Regional State REDD+ Coordination Unit
A Brief History of REDD +
Regional REDD+ Coordination Unit
Tigray Regional State,Mekelle
Sep 3 & 4/2015
Emergence of Environmental
Thinking
• 1987: Environmental issues become political issues
• 1990s: Deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions and
global warming became recurrent issues in the social
discussion groups
• As these subjects gained more visibility
– Civil society movement/environmnetal lobby groups
– pressure on global leaders and the members of the
Conference of the Parties (COP) to take action on issues
Cont…
• 1992: Rio Summit (Climate change and
Biodiversity)
• 1997: the Kyoto Protocol (KP) on climate
change was created in Japan in the third COP.
– It set binding targets for 37 industrialized
countries and the European community for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
– The Kyoto mechanisms (emissions trading, clean
development mechanism, Joint Implementation)
aimed to help those countries reach their
emission reduction targets
How REDD+ emerged?
• Early 1990s: Deforestation 1/5 of GHG
emissions
• However, the KP did not include the discussion
about carbon emission reductions from
avoided deforestation and forest degradation
• 2001 – COP 7: Avoided deforestation was too
difficult to include in CDM (+ no additionality).
Only A/R
How REDD+ evoloved?
• 2005: As the negotiations on climate change
continued, at the eleventh COP session, the
item “Reducing emissions from deforestation
(RED) in developing countries and approaches
to stimulate action” was introduced.
• 2005 – COP 11: 2 year consultation period for
RED
Cont…
• Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica (members
of the Coalition for Rainforest Nations),
proposed the discussion of this issue as an
important item to mitigate climate change
• Hence, the idea of Reducing Emissions from
Avoided Deforestation and Forest Degradation
(REDD) first appeared.
Cont…
• Then different Parties and observers submitted
proposals and recommendations on how to use
REDD projects
• 2007: at the thirteenth COP, an agreement was
reached with the Bali Action Plan,
– The action points included the importance of carbon
reductions from forests, but left the decision on a
REDD regulation for the next Conference of the Parties
Cont…
• 2008: new topics on the REDD
agenda, including forest conservation,
sustainable management of forests and the
enhancement of forests carbon stocks, in
developing countries in UNFCCC meeting in
Poznan
• The addition of these new areas to the
previous negotiations introduced the concept
of REDD-plus/REDD+.
Cont…
• 2009: the Copenhagen Accord recognized the
contribution of REDD+ and its “crucial role”
against climate change mitigation and the
need to establish a framework for carbon
emission reductions, which includes REDD+.
• Then REDD+ programs started to be used by
the international community as a new
alternative tool against climate change
Cont…
• Since RED was launched at COP11 and REDD+
was fully integrated into the global climate
agenda at COP13 in 2007, it has come to be
regarded as potentially one of the most
effective and efficient mitigation strategies
available today
Cont…
• Donors have pledged billions of dollars to REDD+ and
new international programmes have been created, such
as
– the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF),
– the UN-REDD Programme and
– the Forest Investment Program (FIP) of the World Bank.
• 2007: Norway’s Climate-Forest initiative, NOK 15 billions
• 2008+: FCPF (World Bank), UNREDD, other initiatives
Definition
• Based on the COP13 decision in Bali in 2007
REDD+ comprises local, national, and global
actions whose primary aim is to reduce
emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation and enhance forest carbon stocks
in developing countries (Angelsen 2009a).
Evolution of REDD+
• REDD+: The concept has become adapted and
reconfigured as a result of emerging conflicts
of interest and the lack of a new international
climate agreement
• (I) From single to multiple objectives
– Article 2: “stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system”
A brief history of REDD
• After 2005, other objectives were added
– protecting biodiversity and reducing poverty/enhancing
local livelihoods.
– Co-benefits: strengthening indigenous rights, better
governance and higher capacity for climate
adaptation.
– REDD+ is also increasingly linked to the agriculture–
climate agenda.
• It has therefore gone from having single to
multiple objectives
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• (I) From PES to broader policies to forest
policies and projects?
• (II) From national to project focus
• (I II) Funding: From market to international
public sources and national contributions
What is REDD+ all about?
REDD+: Policy approaches & incentive mechanism
REDD+ implementation requires enabling
 Policy framework
 Legal & regulatory framework
 Institutional arrangements
 Full & Effective stakeholder Consultation &
participation
 Technical capacity
 Investment (Finance)
Phased approach for REDD+
Meridian (2009) & COP16 (UNFCCC 2010)
The Cancun REDD+ decision recognizes implementation
through a phased approach beginning with:
I) The development of national strategies or action plans,
policies and measures, and capacity building;
II) The implementation of national policies and measures,
and national strategies or action plans that could
involve further capacity building, technology
development and transfer and results‐based
demonstration activities; and
III) Results‐based actions that should be fully measured,
reported, and verified. The choice of the starting phase
of each country depends on national circumstances and
available support.
Phased approaches for REDD+
• Phase 3 – Result based actions
Moving to more direct results-based actions, i.e.
emissions and removals that should be fully
measured, reported and verified, with payments
based on these results