Transcript Seminar on Policy Studies

International
Environmental Policy
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF:
PHILIPPINES
HARI SRINIVAS
ROOM: I-312 / 079-565-7406
Philippines snapshot
Local
Tribes
Spain
~ 15th century
15th-19th century
US
19th-20th century
Independent
Nation
21st century
The Philippines is an archipelago that consist 7,107 islands with a
total land area of 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi). The 11
largest islands contain 94% of the total land area.
Small
Islands
• Fragile and vulnerable to disasters
• Dependence on ocean for food
• Climate change and sea level raise
Major Environmental Issues
 Illegal logging
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Diminishing mangrove
swamps
 Depletion of water resources
 Destruction of coral reefs
 Diminishing natural habitat
and biodiversity loss
Other influencing factors
 Location of Philippines:
 Typhoon belt – 5-6
typhoons every year
 Ring of Fire – earthquakes,
tsunamis and volcanic
eruptions
Forest Management
• Philippine forest at 7.2 M ha or 24% of country’s land area
• 8 M ha of forestlands degraded (26% of land area)
• Total log ban in natural forests to conserve & protect (E.O.
23)
• Created National Anti-Illegal Logging Task Force
Clean Air
Situation – Major urban centers
are polluted
• Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) in
Metro Manila is 166 micrograms/normal
cubic meters (μg/Ncm) in 1st half of 2010
 84% beyond standard of 90 μg/Ncm
(WHO)
 Other polluted cities: San Fernando,
Calapan, Cebu, Zamboanga, Davao
Clean Air
• 80% of pollution due to vehicular emissions
• According to the World Bank, 18 million Filipinos
exposed to air pollution, with health cost & loss of income
of P 7.6 B/year
Clean Air
Government Actions:
• Strengthened enforcement & regulations
 More stringent air emission standards for Compression &
Spark-Ignition Engines (motorcycles & tricycles)
 Agreement with
Earth Day Network to make
EDSA
“Linis Hangin Zone.”
(cellphone to catch
smoke-belchers)
Clean Air
Government Actions:
• Strengthened enforcement of regulations
 DENR, LTO, MMDA, etc. worked to reduce traffic & ensure
compliance with emission testing to reduce vehicular emissions
Clean Air
Government Actions:
• Strengthened enforcement of regulations
 Developed program with ADB to provide credit for
conversion of tricycle engines to electric
Clean Air
Government Actions:
• As of June 2011, pollution reduced by 32% from 166 to
113 μg/Ncm.
TSp level (ug/Ncm)
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) Level
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
166
133.5
Actual
113
Standard
90
1st Sem 2010
2nd Sem 2010
1st Sem 2011
Clean Water
Situation – Waterways/esteros in major urban
centers unfit for human activity
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), or demand for oxygen
in water, for 19 major rivers in 2010 at 27 milligrams/liter,
4x the standard at 7 mg/L
Clean Water
Pasig River, Manila
The Pasig River connects Laguna de
Bay to Manila Bay.
Stretching for 25 kilometres, it is lined
by Metro Manila on both sides.
The Pasig River used to be an
important transport route in Spanish
Manila. Due to negligence and
industrial development, the river has
become very polluted and is
considered dead (unable to sustain
life) by ecologists.
Reasons for Pasig River
being “dead”:
•
•
•
•
•
Negligence
Industrialization
Municipal wastes
Sewage and run-off
Deforestation and soil
erosion
Clean Water
Government Actions:
Initiated “Adopt an Estero Program”
Before
Estero de Paco, Manila
(ABS-CBN Foundation)
After
Clean Water
Government Actions:
Adopt an Estero Program
Before
Estero de Paco, Manila
After
Clean Water
Government Actions:
Adopt an Estero Program
Before
Estero de Paco, Manila
After
Clean Water
Government Actions :
Adopt an Estero Program
226
Major companies have adopted waterways
nationwide (Examples: Jollibee, San Miguel
Foundation, Toyota, Masinloc Power Corp.)
Clean Water
Government Actions:
• Reduced solid wastes
 Required Philippine Plastic Industry to develop program
for retrieval/collection/ recycling of plastics
 Launched “Reusable
Bag Campaign for Greener
Environment” with major malls
& supermarkets
Clean Water
Government Actions:
• Reduced solid wastes
 Agreement with 11 Metro Manila LGUs for solid waste
management systems in subdivisions/ condominiums.
Initially, 4,717 homeowners associations identified
Geohazards
Situation:
• Philippines is prone to natural disasters due to geographical
location & geological attributes:
landslides, flooding,
earthquakes, tsunami, etc.
Geohazards – Disaster Risks
Forest Fires
Climate
Change
Typhoons
Flooding
Volcanos
Landslides
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Global Warming
Sea Level Raise
…
Geohazards – Disaster Risks
Man-made
Disaster
Risks
Population growth
Loss of agricultural lands
Deforestation
Soil Erosion
Air/Water Pollution
Waste Disposal
Loss of Coral Reefs
Coastal management
Overfishing
Mangroves distruction
Geohazards
Government Actions:
• Completed
geo-hazard
mapping
cities/municipalities at 1:50,000 scale
of
all
provinces/
• Distributed 65,000 map sheets to all LGUs
• More detailed mapping started for
cities/municipalities (scale of 1:10,000)
• Conducted coastal
geohazard assessment of
46 coastal municipalities
88
landslide-prone
Agenda 21
1992
Philippines Council for
Sustainable Development
(PCSD)
Earth
Summit
Document:
Agenda 21

Philippines
Agenda 21
All
government
agencies to
realign
policies
towards
sustainable
development
Environmental Protection
 Philippines has signed a number of multilateral
environmental agreements:









Climate Change
Biodiversity
Endangered Species
Hazardous Wastes
Law of the Sea
Marine Dumping
Nuclear Test Ban
Ozone Layer Protection
Tropical Timber Agreement
Government Agencies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR)
Department of Health (DoH)
Philippines Sustainable
Development Network
Foundation
Environmental Management
Bureau
Protected Areas and Wildlife
Bureau
Non-Governmental Organizations
 Ecological Society of the




Philippines
Foundation for the
Philippines Environment
Fund for Nature of the
Philippines
Haribon Foundation for the
Conservation of Natural
Resources Inc.
NGOs for Integrated
Protected Areas
“NGOs”?
These are non-profit
organizations composed
of individuals whose aim
is to render their
expertise and help
different sectors of the
society
Non-Governmental Organizations
 Pambansang Kilusan ng mga




Samahang Magsasaka
(PAKISAMA)
Philippines Institute of
Alternative Futures (PIAF)
Foundation for Sustainable
Society (FSS)
Foundation for the Philippines
Environment (FPE)
Biodiversity Conservation
Network (BCN)
Besides NGOs, a number
of “People’s
Organizations”
(composed of local and
indigenous groups who
are directly affect by an
issue) also work on
environmental issues
Environment Framework
SECTION 16 ARTICLE II,
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
“The State shall protect and advance
the right of the people to a balanced
and healthful ecology in accord with
the rhythm and harmony of nature.”
Philippine Development Plan: 2011-2016
1. Improved
conservation,
protection and
rehabilitation of
natural resources
2. Improved
environmental
quality for a
cleaner and
healthier
environment
3. Enhanced resilience
of natural systems and
improved adaptive
capacities of human
communities to cope
with environmental
hazards including
climate related risks
Current Challenges
 Clear public demand for development
 Clear public concerns with environment
 Highly sectoralized development and environmental
policies
 Unclear policy prescriptions on linking population,
environment, and development
 Unclear policy on prioritizing national interests on
environment and development
DENR Policy Framework
Sectoral
policies
(Forestry, water,
wsate, air etc.)
Ecosystem
Approach
(Provisioning,
Regulating,
Cultural
Supporting)
DENR Policy Framework
Missing Elements?!
Informal
Economic
Enterprises
Low Income
Households


Corruption
and Fraud
Environmental
Policy


Poverty and
lifestyle choices
Low Awareness
 and differing
priorities

Access to
financial
resources
Contact me …
Class website:
http://www.gdrc.info/iep
Prof. Hari Srinivas
Room: I-312
Tel: 079-565-7406
Email: [email protected]