Transcript Thailand Case Study - Adapting to Climate Change in Peri

Preliminary Findings
Phase 1 Scoping of Multiple Drivers of
Vulnerability, Water Stresses and Impacts:
Thailand Case Study
Project Meeting
12 September 2013, Manila
Study Area
Bangkok
Metropolitan Region
Pathumthani Province
BMR
• 7,700 sq.km. area in central Thailand
Samkhok District,
Pathumthani
•
•
including Bangkok and five adjacent
provinces
10 million pop (2010), 55% of GDP
NOT an administrative territory
Study Area: Krachang Villages
• Sited in a low-lying land of Chao
Phraya Delta
• Having dynamics on land uses, social
Study area:
Krachang
Communities
and economic activities + vulnerable to
climate-related water stresses
Climate Changes and Peri-Urban
How they Induce Vulnerability of Water Stresses in the Study Area
Climate Change Effects in Thailand
• Rainfall increase across all regions by 10-20%
• Max. and min. temp increases by 2 C.
• Natural disasters become common -increasing damage records over years
• Recent critical years:
2005 drought affected 71 provinces – including
Rayong industrial area
2006 46 provinces were flooded. 47 people
killed and more than 2.4 million were
affected.
2011 (the wettest year in the 61-years record),
65 provinces were flooded. More than
880 people killed and millions were
homeless or displaced.
Pathumthani Province
•
Geography: low-lying areas of Chao Phraya Plain, around 2 meters above
sea level. The river rises 50 cm. in rainy season causing floods.
•
Water resources: Chao Phraya River + irrigation and natural canals of 1,060
kms. + underground water (not in good quality)
Prone to flood, high vulnerability zone to flood is on the western side
(include the study area)
Krachang Villages
Low land
River/canal
Ponds
•
Average Rainfalls: around 1,200-1,500 mm./ year. Concentrating in May-Sep
In the past 15 years, major floods occurred in Y 1995, 2006, 2010 and 2011 BUT
these years were not the top highest amounts of rainfalls
Year
1998
1999 [2nd]
2000
2001
2002
2003 [1st]
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010 [3rd]
2011 [4th]
2012
Amount of Rainfall
(mm.)
1,189
1,752
1,459
1,285
1,131
1,821
699
1,320
1,432
1,309
1,421
1,412
1,673
1,530
1,407
Number of rainy days
(days)
115
148
132
127
115
134
98
125
133
123
137
120
121
149
136
•
Other factors
intensifying floods:
water mgt in the upstream
Changing slopes
Obstacles of waterways
Absorbing capacity of soil
….
Peri-urban
characteristics
Effects of Peri-urban Characteristics on Water Stresses in
the Study Area
PERI-URBAN
CHARACTERISTICS
Inadequate water
and WW
infrastructure
WATER
STRESSES
Increase pollution
sources
Rapid
population
increase +
weak planning
& regulations
Land conversion
from single to
mixed land uses
Elimination of
water ways
Ineffective water
and WW mgt
Unclear
jurisdictions and
inability of water
mgt institutions
Socio-Economic Profile and Affects of
Water Stresses in the Study Area
Two Villages in Krachang sub-district,
Pathumthani Province
• 2.4 sq.km. on the western side of the Chao Phraya
• Three canals connecting to the river
• The main street (Bang Na-Bang Tei) constructed in 1996 and has been
repeatedly increased of height. It now also functions as a dyke.
• Land-use is diverse. Factories along highway, local residents along the canals
and rivers/ Gov. offices/ commercial houses along the streets/ real estate
projects with new residents over 2,000 HHs/ few agricultural plots and a number
of vacant lands
Population and sampling:
• Total number of local residents is 305 HHs. All Buddhists, mostly Mon ethnic. Many
have resided in the area for few generations.
• Random survey conducted with 108 HHs. Most respondents were in the working age
(30s-60s). Men and Women respondents were equal.
Socio-Economic Profile:
• HHs size: average 4-5 persons. Few have large numbers around 7-11 persons
• Registered heads of households
Female (42 registered HH-heads)
Wife
Mother
Single head
of household
8
16
18
Male (66 registered HH-heads)
Husband
Father
Single head
of household
57
5
4
• Education: half graduated from local primary schools. 35% obtained high school
and 15% obtained vocational education
• Occupations and income:
Elders, housewives,
students, jobless
Unemployed,
26
General
laborers, 27
Motorbike/ taxi-drivers,
construction workers,
cleaning workers,
wage laborers in farms
Farmers, 3
Mediumlarge
business
owners, 2
Small
business
owners, 23
Government
officers, 10
Factory
workers, 9
Company
employees, 8
• 15% in low income (<5,000 THB (160 USD)/ month/ HH), 35% have 300-600 USD,
50% in middle income having 800 USD.
• Different occupations  different economic resources  different level of vulnerability
• Full-time employments have regular income and job security even during the crisis
(Gov officials have more benefits) WHILE general laborers, part-time factory workers
and small-business owners lost all income. Unemployed became more dependence.
• Perceptions of Climate Change:
Male
54
Female
52
33
Increasing temperature
Temp. tends to
rise every year
27
decreasing rainfall
rainy season is
shorter but the
rainfalls is higher
25
28
Unseasonal rainfall
increasing unseasonal
rainfalls
• Both men and women’ opinions were similar in perception of forms but women
reported to have more effects from the climate-induced impacts.
Water Stresses in Krachang Communities
High river level  water gate closed/ Dry
spell  no dissolved water  pollution
High health risk, esp. the poor HHs.
October-early Dec annually
Rise of Chao Phraya
Average flood level 20-50 cm
Seasonal
flooding
Low water
quality in
canal
Events in the past 30 yrs – 1995 flood 1 m. around 2 months
Considered (by the local) a moderate stress
Extreme flood
2011 accumulation of rainfalls by 5 cyclones + release of overloaded dams.
Pathumthani (and other peri-urban Bangkok) was used for diverting floodwater to
protect BKK
Flood 2-3 meters for 3-4 months
• Impacts of Water Stresses to Local Livelihoods:
Water stress
High
Low
No
% of
Total
impact impact impact
respondents
Excessive Water
Annual flood
Extreme event (2011 flood)
3
35
20
59
55%
108
0
0
108
100%
2
19
0
21
19%
Water Pollution
Consequence of variation of
precipitation
High impact:
Low impact:
No impact:
the residents are unable to cope with it
the residents perceive the risk, but they can mitigate some impacts
the residents perceive the risk and they can prevent themselves
from the impact
** Level of water stress severity – a combined result of
Annual Flood:
locational vulnerability and political and socio-economic
conditions of the HHs.
High impact area
Low impact area
No impact area
Extreme Flood:
Very high impact area
High impact area
Water pollution:
High impact area
Low impact area
Main pollution source
Gender Analysis on Impacts of Water Stresses
Overload of work for the care givers during water stress situations
• During floods, the care giving tasks become very tough and tiring – preparing food with out
kitchen, keeping good sanitation without toilets and waste collection
• Esp. for poor families with sick members
Poor Female-headed HH: the most vulnerable group
• To cope with stresses would require physical strengths (as lifting up belongings) or technical
skills (as fixing electricity) which they are lacking.
Gender differences in intra-household power relations over financial
resources and flooding compensation
• Limited access and control over financial resources in the HHs among the female members.
• Not the registered owners of the houses and thus cannot access compensation.
Gender differences in political power and accessing to government
assistance
• Men often contact formal agencies. Men reported for HH losses overlooking concerns of
women.
• Political space is also male dominated. Gender specific needs are not considered.
SUMMARY:
CLIMATE CHANGE
Thailand
•Increasing rainfall 10-20%
•Increasing temperature
•More frequent natural
disasters
Krachang Communities
(Residents‘perceptions)
•Less numbers of rainy days
but increasing amount of
rainfalls
•Increasing temperature
•More frequent unseasonal
rainfall
OTHER DRIVERS OF
VULNERABILITY
•Geographical vulnerability -low-lying, flood-prone areas
•Poor water management in
the upstream reservoirs
PERI-URBAN
Inadequate
water and WW
infrastructure
WATER
STRESSES
Annual and
extreme floods
Poor water
quality
•Rapid pop increase
•Land conversion to
mixed land uses
Elimination of
water ways
IMPACTS OF WATER STRESSES
•Damage to houses,
appliances/ vehicles
•Loss of aqua
products
•Loss of income
•Stresses/ sickness
•Local conflicts
Increase
pollution
sources
CHARACTERISTIC
Ineffective
water and WW
mgt
•Unclear jurisdictions
and inability of water
mgt institutions
•Serious waterborne disease/
skin infection
•Stresses/
sickness
•Local conflicts
Different levels of impacts and vulnerabilities
among communities’ members due to:
•Different economic statuses
•Different genders
•Different power relations and political influences
DRIVERS OF
VULNERABILITY at the
Community Level
Your feedbacks are welcome.
Thank you.