Transcript Energy Statistics

Energy Statistics
In this class I repeatedly cite energy facts and energy statistics
By "energy fact" I mean scientific data
E.G., the heat energy liberated per gram of carbon burned,
which should change only if refined data are generated
By "energy statistics" I mean things like annual U.S. energy consumption
Which is constantly changing,
and will have to be updated in these notes every year
This "note set" is my attempt to manage such updates by recording in one place:
- Statistics I currently use, their values, and their sources,
- The lecture(s) in which they are cited
An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm
U.S. Electrical Power Production - Summary
EIA 1990
EIA 2011
EIA 2012
EIA 2014
WP 2015
Coal
53%
42%
46%
39%
34%
35%
Natural Gas
13%
25%
20%
27%
20%
30%
1%
1%
21%
19%
20%
17%
Petroleum
Nuclear
19%
19%
Hydro
7%
Wind
4.4%
5%
Solar
0.4%
1%
Biomass
1.7%
Geothermal
0.4%
All Renewable 11%
EIA 2040
13%
13%
(13%)
Source of data for each column given in following pages
16%
U.S. Electrical Power Production
EIA 1990/2011/2040 = EIA - Annual Energy Outlook 2015 with projections to 2040:
http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/er/pdf/0383er%282013%29.pdf
Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel
Electrification of Transportation
EIA 2014 = EIA - FAQs 2014: What is U.S. electricity generation by energy source:
http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=427&t=3
Lecture(s): Power Plant Land and Water Requirements
WP 2015 = Washington Post, 2015 - Mapping how the United States generates its electricity:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/national/power-plants/
Original Source: "Washington Post analysis of Energy Information Administration"
Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel
(this lecture also includes the WP state by state data)
U.S. Electrical Power Production
From the preceding figure, U.S. average power in 2015
Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel
Vs. EIA - Net Generation by Energy Source - Total All Sectors - 2002 to 2013:
Source: www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_03_01_a.html
Which states that Total U.S. Energy Production in 2012 = 4,047,765 GW-h
Dividing this by 365 x 24 hours => US average power in 2012 = 462 GW
Lecture(s): Power Plant Land and Water Requirements
Power Cycles and Energy Storage, Broader Impacts & Requirements II
U.S. Electrical Power Production
EIA - Primary Energy Consumption by Source & Sector (2012)
Source: www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pecss_diagram.cfm
Lecture(s): Hydro and Wind Power
Data for Electric Power Sector:
Petroleum:
1%
Natural Gas:
20%
Coal:
46%
Renewable:
13%
Nuclear:
21%
U.S. and Individual State Electrical Power Production:
National Public Radio (2014)
Source:
http://www.npr.org/2015/09/10/319535020/coal-gas-nuclear-hydro-how-your-state-generatespower%20utm_source=facebook.com&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=npr&utm_term=nprne
ws&utm_content=20150910
Lecture(s): Carbon Power, Next Gen Nuclear Power
U.S. Renewable Electrical Power Production
Breakdown of U.S. renewable energy sources in 2012
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States
Original source: www.eia.gov/electricity/data.cfm#generation
Lecture(s): Hydro and Wind Power
Hydroelectric:
58%
Wind:
26.9%
Biomass:
11%
Geothermal:
3.2%
Solar:
0.8%
Combining this with 13% number for all renewable power in preceding EIA figure
Hydro = 58% of 13% = 7.5% of total U.S. Power
Wind power = 26.9% of 13% = 3.5% of total U.S. Power
U.S. Electrical Power Production
16.7 GW
Source: "Introduction to Energy & the Environment" by Edward S. Rubin
Based on comparison to preceding EIA figure's 400 GW total in ~ 1997:
Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel
Anerobic Digestion of Agricultural Waste (2010) = 1.67 GW
Source: Energy Systems Engineering - Vanek, Albright & Angenent (McGraw Hill 2012)
Original Source cited as: EPA
Based on comparison to preceding EIA figure's 456 GW total in ~ 2010
Lecture(s): Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuel
Geothermal Energy (2013) = 16,517 GW-hr over year => 1.88 GW => 0.4%
Source: www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_01_a
Lecture(s): Exotic Power Sources
Solar Cell Efficiency Records
Annual chart published by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Source: http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/
Lecture(s): Solar Power / Next Generation Solar Power
An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm
Levelized Cost of U.S. Energy
EIA - Cost of New Generation Resources, Annual Energy Outlook
2015 Report: https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf
My cached copies of recent reports: 2011 / 2012 / 2013 / 2014 / 2015
Lecture(s): Economic Analysis Techniques and Results
Carbon Fuels - Fossil, Biomass & Biofuels
My Excel spreadsheet representation of such EIA data:
An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm
Levelized Cost of U.S. Energy
2014 Lazard Levelized Costs of US Energy (version 8)
Source: www.lazard.com/media/1777/levelized_cost_of_energy_-_version_80.pdf
Lecture(s): Economic Analysis Techniques and Results
An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm
Levelized Cost of U.S. Energy
Bloomberg / World Energy Council - Cost of Energy Technologies 2013
Source:
https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/WEC_J1143_CostofTECHNOLOGIES_021013_WEB_Final.pdf
Lecture(s): Economic Analysis Techniques and Results
Plus breakdowns by:
- Specific Technology
- Location of deployment
Levelized Cost of Grid Level Energy Storage (in $/MW-h):
NREL - Hydrogen Energy Storage Analysis Overview
Source: http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/pdfs/48360.pdf
DOTY – Projection of Levelized Cost Benefit of Grid Scale Energy Storage Options
Source: http://dotyenergy.com/PDFs/Doty-90377-Storage-ASME-ES10.pdf
Lecture(s): Power Cycles and Energy Storage
Storage Technology
NREL 2010
Doty 2010
NREL ~ 2015
Pumped Storage Hydro
130-180
56
130
Fuel Cell
100-600
51
240-280
V redox battery
220-500
Adiabatic CAES
100-165
280
162
Li ion battery
167
Flywheel
532
Lead Acid battery
181
NaS battery
220-320
NiCd battery
480-1030
Ultra Capacitors
774
100
250
830
2910
U.S. Power Consumption
EIA - Domestic production satisfies 84% of total U.S. energy demand in 2013 (below left):
Source: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=16511&src=Total-b1
Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Transportation
Power Consumption - Housing
Thomasnet.com - The Damage Done - How Detrimental Is Petrol (above right)
Source:
http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2012/03/12/the-damage-done-gas-addiction-edition-how-detrimental-is-petrol
Original data source: EIA
Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Transportation
Electrification of Transportation
U.S. Power Consumption
EPA - Light Duty Automotive Technology
- Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Fuel Economy Trends - 1975 through 2014:
Highlights: www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm
Full Report: http://www3.epa.gov/fueleconomy/fetrends/1975-2014/420r14023a.pdf
Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Transportation
U.S. Power Consumption
EIA - Heating and cooling no longer majority of U.S. home energy use – 2009
Source: http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/
Lecture(s): Power Consumption – Housing
Climatology and Climate Change
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Working Group 1 – 2007:
"Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis"
Source: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-frontmatter.pdf
Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change
Climatology and Climate Change
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report – Working Group 1 – 2013:
"Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis"
Source:
https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SummaryVolume_FINAL.pdf
Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change
Climatology and Climate Change
GRID Arendal - Historical trends in carbon dioxide concentrations
and temperature, on a geological and recent time scale
scale_a210
Source:
http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/historical-trends-in-carbon-dioxide-concentrations-and-temperature-on-a-geological-and-recent-time-
Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change
Climatology and Climate Change
National Research Council (Academies of Science and Engineering): America's Energy Choices
Source: https://www.princeton.edu/mae/people/faculty/socolow/Americas-Climate-Choices.pdf
Lecture(s): Climatology and Climate Change
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Cumulative annual worldwide and U.S. emissions during the 1990's:
Source: Intro to Energy and the Environment – Edward S. Rubin (p. 40)
Lecture(s): Greenhouse Effect, Carbon Footprints & Sequestration
World
US
CO2:
Commercial Energy
Cement manufacturing and gas flaring
Tropical deforestation
Total
22,900
1,000
5,900
29,800
5,250
50
5,300
CH4:
Fossil fuel production
Enteric fermentation
Rice paddies
Landfills
Animal waste
Sewage
Total
100
85
60
40
25
25
375
11
Cultivated soils
Industrial
Biomass burning
Cattle and feed lots
Total
3.5
1.3
0.5
0.4
5.7
0.5
CPC-11, -12, -13
HCFC-22
HFCs, PFCs, SF6
0.7
0.2
N2O:
Other:
0.1
0.1
0.34
\
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
EPA Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2012
Source:
(million metric tons CO2 equivalent)
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Main-Text.pdf
Lecture(s): Greenhouse Effect, Ccarbon Footprints & Sequestration
CO2:
1990
2012
5108
5072
Electricity Generation
4745
2023
Transportation
1494
1740
Industrial
845
774
Residential
338
288
Commercial
219
197
Non-energy use of Fuels
120
110
Steel Production / Mining
100
54
Natural Gas Systems
38
35
Cement Production
33
35
Waste/Cropland burning
15
20
Ammonia Production
13
9
Fossil Fuel Combustion
(continuation of preceding table)
1990
CH4:
N2O:
Enteric fermentations (a.k.a. flatulence) 138
2012
141
Natural Gas Systems
156
130
Landfills
148
102
Coal Mining
81
56
Manure Management
32
53
Petroleum Systems
36
32
Agriculture soil management
282
306
Stationary Combustion
12
22
Manure Management
14
18
Mobile Construction
44
17
Nitric Acid Production
18
15
"There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies and statistics"
- Mark Twain
An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm
Credits / Acknowledgements
Some materials used in this class were developed under a National Science Foundation "Research
Initiation Grant in Engineering Education" (RIGEE).
Other materials, including the "UVA Virtual Lab" science education website, were developed under even
earlier NSF "Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement" (CCLI) and "Nanoscience Undergraduate
Education" (NUE) awards.
This set of notes was authored by John C. Bean who also created all figures not explicitly credited above.
Copyright John C. Bean (2015)
(However, permission is granted for use by individual instructors in non-profit academic institutions)
An Introduction to Sustainable Energy Systems: www.virlab.virginia.edu/Energy_class/Energy_class.htm