Transcript 4.1-Adaptations-Coastal-Resources-2012-07-12

4.1 Adaptation
Adaptation Methods
 Retreat

Managed retreat

Relocation from high risk zones
 Accommodation

Public awareness

Natural disaster management planning
 Protect

Hard options
 Revetments, breakwaters, groins
 Floodgates, tidal barriers

Soft options
 Beach/wetland nourishment
 Dune restoration
Responding to Coastal Change (including sea level rise)
 Retreat
 Accommodation
 Protect

Soft

Hard
Adaptation to Saltwater Intrusion
•
Reclaiming land in front of the coast to allow new freshwater lenses to develop;
•
Extracting saline groundwater to reduce inflow and seepage;
•
Infiltrating fresh surface water;
•
Inundating low-lying areas;
•
Widening existing dune areas where natural groundwater recharge occurs;
•
Creating physical barriers.
Shoreline Management and Adaptation
Proactive
Adaptation
Coastal Adaptation
(IPCC)
Shoreline
Management (Defra)
Increasing
robustness
Protect
Hold the line
Increasing
flexibility
Accommodate
Advance the line
Enhancing
adaptability
Retreat
Managed realignment
No active intervention
Reversing
maladaptive trends
(Project appraisal
methods)
Improving
awareness and
preparedness
(Flood plain
mapping and flood
warnings)
Climate Forecasts, Warning, and Response System
 Jim\show30.exe
Sea Level Forecasts, Warning, and Response System: USAPI
PEAC’s forecasts and Outreach



Monthly Teleconference—
 PEAC-forecasts (i.e., sea-level, rainfall, tropical
cyclone etc.) are placed for discussion within a PEACsponsored teleconference;
 The WSO from each of the island communities is
invited to attend this conference;
 Representatives from the forecasting centers are also
invited--past, present, and future climatic conditions
are brought up;
 A consensus forecast is achieved ;
Warning messages are developed
http://www.prh.noaa.gov/peac/update.php
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Climate Forecasting, Warning and Response System (CFWRS)
Stage 1
Forecast
preparation
Forecast A
()
Forecast B
(),
Consensus SPARS)
Stage 2
Interpretation
Warning
messages
Feedback
Stage 3
Chain of
dissemination
Government
agencies
Research
centers
The Media
Local Authorities, USAPI
Feedback
Stage 4
Response
Choices and responses
Farmers
Stage 5
Review and
Analysis
Vulnerable
Groups
Monitoring of all
‘feedback links’
Adaptation: Drought in Majuro
Lessons from 1997-98 El Niño
<<People line up for water in Majuro to receive
ration once every fourteen days>>



Water rationing in Majuro;
Crop losses in FSM, RMI, CNMI
Palau experienced 9-month
drought
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Coastal Erosion—Case Example (No forecast no adaptation)
Results of coastal erosion at Blue Lagoon Resort (Weno, Chuuk, FSM) during
the La Niña of 2007-08
Forecast-based Adaptation—Case Example
Mitigation-adaptation at the Blue Lagoon Resort, Weno, Chuuk, FSM prior to the La
Niña of 2010-11 (Photo courtesy of Chip Guard, WFO, Guam).
Example Approach to Adaptation Measures
 Caribbean small island developing country
 Climate change predictions

Rise in sea level

Increase in number and intensity of tropical weather systems

Increase in severity of storm surges

Changes in rainfall

Reclamation of land, sand mining, and lack of comprehensive natural system
engineering approaches to control flooding and sedimentation have increased the
vulnerability to erosion, coastal flooding and storm damage in Antigua.
Example Approach to Adaptation Measures (continued)
 Coastal impacts

Damage to property/infrastructure –particularly in low-lying areas, which can affect
the employment structure of the country

Damage/loss of coastal/marine ecosystems

Destruction of hotels and tourism facilities—create psychological effects to visitors

Increased risk of disease—increased risk of various infectious diseases, increased
mental and physical stress

Damage/loss of fisheries infrastructure

General loss of biodiversity

Submergence/inundation of coastal areas
Example Approach to Adaptation Measures (continued)
 Adaptation (retreat, protect, accommodate)

Improved physical planning and development control

Strengthening/implementation of EIA regulations

Formulation of Coastal Zone Management Plan

Monitoring of coastal habitats, including beaches

Formulation of national climate change policy

Public awareness and education
Adaptation Options Related to Goals
(Source: USEPA, 2008)
Adaptation Planning, Integration, and Mainstreaming
Coastal managers, stakeholders and decision-makers can use a
range of criteria in deciding the best adaptation option within a given
local context. Criteria include:
•
Technical effectiveness: How effective will the adaptation option be in solving problems;
•
Costs: What is the cost to implement the adaptation option and what are the benefits?
•
Benefits: What are the direct climate change-related benefits?
•
•
Does taking action avoid damages to human health, property, or livelihoods?
•
Or, does it reduce insurance premiums?
Implementation considerations: How easy is it to design and implement the option in
terms of level of skill required, information needed, scale of implementation, and other
barriers?
Most adaptation measures can help in achieving multiple
objectives and benefits. ‘No regrets’ measures should be the
priority.
Adaptation Planning, Integration, and Mainstreaming: Hawaii Case
how do beaches respond to armoring?
…they disappear…
Tourism Couldn’t Care Less
Workable tools
to save beaches
1.
2.
3.
4.
Willing Seller Purchase
Sand Replenishment
Do not armor public lands
Set back new development
1. Willing Seller Purchase
One way to replace the beach
is to buy the property and free the
trapped sand.
36 coastal properties at $10M each = $360M
…. this is not practical on a widespread basis, but
locally it may be effective.
6 coastal properties at $10M each = $60M
Start Protecting our
Sand Dunes
3. Do Not Armor Public Lands
2. Sand Replenishment (Integration)
Major issues prevent this from being an immediate reality:
1. Offshore mining a. Fishers will protest
b. Surfers will protest
c. Environmentalists will protest
d. Marine mammal protectors will protest
e. DOH/EPA does not allow dredging in quality-limited waters
f. Past studies have documented a lack of suitable sand
g. The expense will be $millions for every beach
h. We don’t have the proper equipment in the state
2. Onshore sources –
1. Maui sand is running out (5 yrs)
2. Kauai sand is dirty and turns to cement
3. Oahu has no functional source
4. Construction industry has greater need and ability to pay
5. Ground up reefrock turns hard (Ft. DeRussy, Koolina)
4. Mainstreaming: Set Back New Development
Waaaaaaaaayyyyyy back
300 to 500 feet…
This means new lot dimensions,
new building codes, new designs,
new types of subdivisions –
the end of R-5 zoning
Mapping Coastal Zone Inundation Prone Area (LIDAR Data)
(Source:
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/presentations/)
(Source:
http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/presentations/)