Transcript PHY2505-Lecture17

Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
PHY2505 - Lecture 17
Satellite instruments and
missions
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Overview
• Satellite instruments
– Design Process
– Design elements
– Trade-offs
• Satellite missions
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Instrument design process
• Concept
– Science definition
– Instrument requirements
• Launch opportunity ?
• Phase A/B
– Detailed design
– Engineering model prototyping
• Phase C/D
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Build
Space qualification tests
Calibration
Spacecraft integration/Launch
• Validation
• Science results
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Instrument concept
• Science definition (“science-led”)
– FUNDING
• Science programs
• Public and industrial benefit
– FEASIBILITY
• Expertise (people)
• Space qualified technology
• Feasibility of design
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Science programs: CSA
Mandate
The legislated mandate of the CSA, from the Canadian Space Agency Act,
SC. 1990, c. 13, is:
"To promote the peaceful use and development of space, to advance the
knowledge of space through science and to ensure that space science
and technology provide social and economic benefits for Canadians".
• Earth and Environment
– RADARSAT-1 /2
– Atmospheric Environment
– Space Environment
• Space Science
– Space Exploration
– Microgravity Sciences
– Space Life Sciences
– Space Astronomy
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Science programs: CSA
Atmospheric Environment
Studying Earth's atmospheric
patterns and the effects of
human-driven changes on
the environment:
•SCISAT-1 (Atmospheric Chemistry
Experiment)
•CloudSat
•Measurements of Pollution in the
Troposphere (MOPITT)
•MANTRA
•Optical Spectrograph and Infra-Red
Imaging System (OSIRIS)
•ACTIVE
•Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII)
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Science programs: CSA
Space Exploration
Increasing our understanding of our solar system in relation to the
origin of life and the evolution of our environment.
Solid Planetology
Small Bodies
Life Support Systems
Mars
Planetary Atmospheres
Exo/ Astrobiology
Terrestrial Analogues
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Science programs: NOAA
• NOAA MISSION GOAL#1
Protect, restore and manage use of coastal and ocean resources
through ecosystem management approaches
– Invasive Species Initiative
• NOAA MISSION GOAL#2
Understand climate variability and change to enhance society’s
ability to plan and respond
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Climate Change Science Program Office
Carbon Cycle Atmospheric Measurements
Global Ocean Observing System
Supercomputing
Reducing Uncertainties in Climate Change Scenarios
• NOAA MISSION GOAL#3
Serve society’s needs for weather and water information
– Improve Weather Forecast Accuracy through THORPEX
– High Impact Weather
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Science programs: ESA
THE FOUR THEMES
Earth Observation Programmes Directorate
Four fundamental themes underlie ESA’s Earth Observation Science and Research
Element of the ‘Living Planet’ Programme (ESA SP-1227), namely:
• Theme 1 - Earth Interior including marine geoid, gravity and magnetic field at various
scales, from local or regional to global.
• Theme 2 - Physical Climate System spanning the time scales from fast (days to weeks) via
medium term (seasonal to interannual) to long term (decadal to centennial).
• Theme 3 - Geosphere-Biosphere including carbon, energy and water cycles, bio-chemical
cycles and the productivity of the different ecosystems.
• Theme 4 - Atmosphere and Marine Environment and anthropogenic impact
comprising composition changes by human activity, chemical processes in troposphere and
stratosphere and marine pollution.
These themes span the full Earth System and recognise the need for the detailed
treatment of interactions between the regimes.
See Earth Explorers: Science and Research Elements of ESA’s Living Planet Programme (ESA SP-1227)
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Instrument design
• Signal at the instrument, S
S  1 2 vA t I (v)
S 1 2 vA t I (v)

N
NEP(v)
Constant for a
S/N
1 2 AI given science

NEP investigation &
v t
instrument type
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Instrument design
• Optical elements (A)
– Telescopes
• Diffraction limit
• Constant etendue
• Spectral filters (v)
• Grating spectrometers – limits to resolution
• FTS – limits to resolution\
• Detectors (NEP)
• Sources of noise
• Orbit (t)
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Instrument design trade-off
S/N
1/
1/v
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Instrument requirements: MICA
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Instrument requirements: MARGO
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
NASA Satellite missions
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
NASA Terra 1999+
http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/MOPITT/home.html
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
MOPITT
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Future NASA Satellite missions 2004+
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
NASA Satellite missions
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
ESA Satellite missions
EO Missions and the 4 Themes
Earth Observation Programmes Directorate
Theme 2:
Physical Climate System
Theme 1:
Earth Interior
(Envisat - RA2, AATSR)
CryoSat
GOCE
SWARM
(Envisat - ASAR)
SMOS
WALES
ADM-Aeolus
ACE+
ERS-2
TerraSAR
EarthCARE
EGPM
GCOM (SWIFT)
ENVISAT
Envisat (MIPAS)
METOP
(ERS- GOME)
(Envisat - Sciamachy)
SPECTRA
Envisat (MERIS)
Theme 3:
Geosphere-Biosphere
6 November 2002
MSG
(Envisat - GOMOS)
Theme 4: Anthropogenic Impact
on Atmos. and Biosphere
ESA Earth Observation Info Day
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
ESA Satellite missions
Meteosat
ERS-1 and 2
ENVISAT
One year in orbit (movie)
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Envisat results
http://www.esa.int/envisat/ Look at multimedia menu item
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Future ESA Satellite missions
1st Earth Explorer Missions
Earth Observation Programmes Directorate
First Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission
Ice elevation, ice thickness
( ICESAT (Abyss))
Launch 2004
CryoSAT
First Earth Explorer Core Mission
Gravity field and geoid
( GRACE)
Launch 2006
GOCE
2nd Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission
Soil moisture and ocean salinity
(Hydros, Aquarius)
Launch 2006
SMOS
2nd Earth Explorer Core Mission
Wind speed vectors
( TBD)
Launch 2007
ADM-Aeolus
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Future ESA Satellite missions
WALES
Earth Observation Programmes Directorate
Satellite in sun-synchronous dawn-dusk orbit, 400-450 km,
1500 kg – 1400 W
-Single payload mission operating a nadir viewing
Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) instrument operating
in the 935 nm range.
-Ground segment: Command and Data Acquisition in
North Europe and Alaska, Mission and Operations Control
ESOC, processing and archiving ESRIN
-Launch: Soyuz class
- Distribution of water vapour, and
information on aerosols
DIAL
Telescope
L-Band &
TT&C Antennae
relevant to:
-climate change studies,
- atmospheric modelling
- chemistry studies and to numerical
weather forecasting
DIAL
Transmitters
Star
Trackers
Instrument
Radiator
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Future ESA Satellite missions
EarthCARE
Earth Observation Programmes Directorate
-Satellite, 1600 kg, 1200 W in sun-synchronous orbit, 400 – 450
km altitude, carrying:
Backscatter lidar (ATLID)
Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR)
7-channel multi spectral imager (MSI)
Broadband radiometer (BBR)
IR-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (IR-FTS)
provide basic data for numerical
- Ground segment: Command and Data Acquisition in North
Europe, Mission and Satellite Operations Control at ESOC,
Processing and Archiving at ESRIN
modelling and global studies of:
Launch: Dual launch by Japanese H-II
•divergence of radiative energy,
•aerosol-cloud-radiation interaction,
•vertical distribution of water and ice and their
transport by clouds,
-A unique combination of active
and passive sensors
•the vertical cloud field overlap and cloudprecipitation interactions.
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Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 17
Future ESA Satellite missions
1st EEOM
Earth Observation Programmes Directorate
2008?
SWIFT FOR GCOM-A
CRYOSAT
SMOS
Variations ice thickness /
mass
Ku-band altimeter
Phase B finalising
Launch 2003
Soil Moisture and
Ocean Salinity
L-band radiometer
Extended Phase A
ongoing
Launch 2005
Ozone, stratospheric winds
Selected by NASDA
potential passenger GCOMA1
Part of reserve selected by
ESAC
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