Transcript Weather, climate and the environment: perspectives from WMO and

Feedback and Guidance from the
World Meteorological
Organization
Wenjian Zhang
Director，Observing and Information Systems
Department，WMO
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WMO Congress XV Res. 11
With adoption of Res. 11,
Congress XV (2007) reaffirmed
WMO’s strong commitment to the
objectives of GCOS (see annex)
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Cg XV Res. 11: Considering:
• (1) The increasing needs of Members and
international organizations for comprehensive,
continuous, reliable climate and climate-related data
and information in support of:
– (a) Climate system monitoring,
– (b) Climate change detection and attribution,
– (c) Research to improve understanding, modelling and
prediction of the climate system,
– (d) Operational climate prediction on seasonal-to-interannual
timescales,
– (e) Assessment of the impacts of, and vulnerability and
adaptation to, natural climate variability and human-induced
climate change,
– (f) Applications and services for sustainable economic
development,
– (g) Requirements of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change and other international
conventions and agreements,
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Cg XV Res. 11: Considering:
• (2) The specific observational needs of the:
– World Climate Research Programme
– the International Geosphere-Biosphere
Programme,
– the International Human Dimensions
Programme on Global Environmental Change
and DIVERSITAS;
– the requirements for comprehensive
observations in support of the assessment
processes of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change,
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Recognizing with appreciation:
• (1) The important contribution of the
GCOS Steering Committee and its
Panels in providing scientific and
technical guidance to WMO and other
sponsoring and participating
organizations for the planning,
implementation and further development
of the Global Climate Observing System,
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Cg XV Res. 11:
• Reaffirms the continuing strong commitment
of WMO to the objectives of the Global
Climate Observing System and support for its
implementation in order to meet the full range
of user needs;
• Decides to maintain the Global Climate
Observing System as a priority programme
of the Organization, in partnership with IOC,
UNEP and ICSU and such other international
sponsors as might be agreed by the Executive
Council;
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Cg XV Res. 11:Urges Members:
• (1) To strengthen their national atmospheric,
hydrological and related oceanic and terrestrial
climate observing networks and systems within
the framework of the Global Climate Observing
System and in support of user needs;
• (2) To assist developing country Members to
strengthen their observing networks, to improve
their capacity to acquire climate-relevant data, and
to enhance their provision of climate services by
implementing projects in the 10 GCOS Regional
Action Plans, and by contributing to the
implementation of the ClimDev Africa Programme
and to similar initiatives in other regions;
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Cg XV Res. 11:
• Requests the Executive Council:
• (1) To keep the progress of the Global Climate Observing System
under regular review and to provide support and guidance on its
further development and implementation;
• (2) To advise and assist Members, sponsoring bodies, and other
international organizations in
• the implementation of global observing systems for climate;
• Requests the technical commissions:
• (1) To lead the development and implementation of the networks
for which they are responsible in the light of advice and guidance
from the GCOS Steering Committee;
• (2) To contribute to the five-year Nairobi Work Programme on
Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in
particular to the elements of the programme related to data and
observations;
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Cg XV Res. 11:
• Requests the GCOS Steering Committee to
continue to provide broadly-based strategic
advice and guidance to all relevant WMO
bodies on the implementation and further
development of the Global Climate Observing
System;
• Requests in particular the GCOS Steering
Committee and the technical commissions to
continue their interaction and cooperation in
the further development and implementation of
the Global Climate Observing System;
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Cg XV Res. 11:
• Requests the Secretary-General, as appropriate and
within the programme and budget approved by
Congress, and using whatever access might be
possible to additional external funding mechanisms:
• (1) To support the further planning, development and
implementation of the Global Climate Observing
System, including the actions in response to the needs
of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and the
recommendations of the 2004 Implementation Plan;
• (2) To encourage and assist Permanent
Representatives of Members to take the lead in the
establishment of GCOS National Committees and the
designation of GCOS National Coordinators;
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WMO also Recognize
• GCOS, as an integrated cross-domain system, contributes
to achievement of many WMO Expected Results:
– ER 2 (enhanced capabilities of Members to provide better climate
predictions and assessments)
– ER 4 (integration of WMO observing systems)
– ER 5 (development and implementation of the new WMO Information
System)
– ER 6 (enhanced capabilities of Members in multi-hazard early
warning and disaster prevention and preparedness)
– ER 7 (enhanced capabilities of Members to provide and use weather,
climate, water, and environmental applications and services)
– ER 8 (broader use of weather-, climate- and water-related outputs for
decision-making and implementation by Members and partner
organizations),
– And ER 9 (enhanced capabilities of NMHSs in developing countries,
particularly least developed countries, to fulfil their mandates of the
WMO Strategic Plan).
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WMO Members Input
• WMO notes how important it is that
WMO Members provide comprehensive
and timely input to the 2009 progress
report on implementation of GCOS to the
GCOS Secretariat.
• We encourage the Secretariat to
complete this report in the shortest
possible time in order to provide a
framework for further work to improve
climate observing systems;
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National Climate Observing Network-USA
Paired Sites
Single Sites
Parks with existing AQ monitoring
Parks near the ideal location
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China national climate committee identified 16
climate-target regions of China
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Current design of 260 National climate observatory network
Over land, the great spatial heterogeneity requires detailed observations
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UNFCCC
• WMO is pleased that GCOS has received
strong support from the UNFCCC and that this
relationship has contributed to a substantial
increase in the visibility of GCOS and,
therefore, its parent bodies, thus enabling the
GCOS Secretariat to more effectively
represent the concerns, interests, and needs
of the climate observing community. WMO
encourages you to maintain, and indeed,
strengthen your fruitful connection with the
UNFCCC.
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FAO / GTOS
• WMO understands the desirability of inviting
the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO),
which is the main sponsor of GTOS, to
become a fifth sponsor of GCOS.
• The terrestrial domain and the role of GTOS in
meeting climate-related needs for
observational data have assumed greatly
increased importance, especially since the
emergence of adaptation as a major thrust of
the UNFCCC.
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GCOS Reference Upper-air
Network (GRUAN).
• The WMO Executive Council has noted the recent
establishment of the GCOS Reference Upper-air
Network (GRUAN).
• This network will provide high-quality observing sites
for the atmospheric profile, including surface and
upper-air measurements, in support of climate
applications, validation of satellite products, and
climate research.
• We would like to remind the Steering Committee that
the Council has requested an update on the progress
of the selection of GRUAN sites, as well as minimum
instrumentation requirements, at its sixty-first session
in June 2009.
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The tiered climate networks will be
the real solution (GRUAN)
Climate
driven
Spatial density
Benchmark Network
~10 stations
Upper Air Reference Network
30-40 stations
GCOS Upper Air Network (GUAN)
161 stations
Comprehensive observing network
All observing systems,
satellites, reanalyses etc.
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Satellite Observations for Climate
• WMO has taken action through its Space
Programme to respond at several levels to the
space-related aspects of the GCOS
Implementation Plan and in particular to its
Satellite Supplement (GCOS-107).
• The WMO Executive Council has agreed that
the new Vision for the space-based Global
Observing System should address climate
observation needs among its core objectives
and confirmed the high-level goal that there
should be no gap in the satellite-based climate
records, in accordance with the GCOS Climate
Monitoring Principles.
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Satellite Observations for Climate
• The Global Space-based Inter-calibration
System (GSICS) is reaching an operational
stage and will ensure data comparability and
homogeneity in the provision of Fundamental
Climate Data Records.
• Developments are underway towards an initial
network of Regional Specialized Satellite
Centres for Climate Monitoring (RSSC-CM)
that will ultimately deliver routine products
related to Essential Climate Variables. WMO is
pleased to mention that an active collaboration
is developing with space agencies, CGMS and
CEOS on these initiatives in support of GCOS.
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Satellites can make contributions to climate
observations in all three domains
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Global Satellite Inter-Calibration System (GSICS)
-key issues for global satellite observations for climate
•
•
•
To improve the use of
satellite global observations.
To provide for the ability to
create stable long-term
climate data sets.
To ensure instruments meet
specification, pre-launch
tests are traceable to SI
Simultaneous Nadir Overpass (SNO)
standards.
Next step: Global satellite products validation
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Multi-satellite inter-calibration is so
important to long-time data series
Operational Calibration
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NOAA10
NOAA11
251
NOAA12
NOAA14
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Linear (NOAA10)
Trend:
-1
N11 = 0.80 K Dec ,
-1
N14 = 0.43 K Dec
N10 = - 0.40 K Dec ,
Linear (NOAA11)
-1
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N12 =
0.36 K Dec ,
Linear (NOAA12)
-1
Linear (NOAA14)
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1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Improved Calibration
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NOAA10
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NOAA11
NOAA12
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NOAA14
Linear (NOAA10)
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Trend:
N10 = -0.39 K Dec -1,
N12 = 0.43 K Dec
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-1
,
N11 = 0.58 K Dec -1
N14 = 0.31 K Dec
Linear (NOAA11)
-1
Linear (NOAA12)
Linear (NOAA14)
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1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Improved calibrated radiances using SNO- improved
differences between sensors by order of magnitude.
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Combined
Trend = 0.17 K Dec -1
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Linear (Combined)
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0.20 K Decade-1
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250
1987
Trends for nonlinear
calibration algorithm using
SNO cross calibration
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
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Integration of space-based and groundbased observations: (talking each other )
•
•
•
Ground- and spacebased system can be
complementary and
supplementary by
design and operation
FY-3
Integration with ground
observations can remove
satellite biases and
ensure consistency;
Ground observations can
support process studies,
satellite products
validation, and algorithm
/model development.
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Regional Specialized Satellite
Centres for Climate Monitoring
(RSSC-CM)
Implementation
The R/SSC-CM Network will be:
Based on activities of existing initiatives (GOS, GCOS and GSICS)
Build upon existing operational infrastructures
Serve users and other organisations (e.g. WMO Regional Climate
Centres RCC, National Weather Services)
Satellites
and Sensors
Slide: 27
Fundamental
Climate Data
Records
FCDRs
Satellite
Data
ECV satellite
products
Global Observing
System
Global Satellite
Inter-Calibration System
Global Network
of Regional Specialized Satellite Centres
on Climate Monitoring
GOS
GSICS
RSSC-CM
R/SSC-CM Planning Meeting
Darmstadt, 15-16 April 2008
Users and
Organisations
Users
Users
Components of the R/SSC-CM Global Network
The global network of
R/SSC-CM will include:
Individual R/SSC-CM
centres
supported by a
Secretariat and
overseen by an
Executive Panel.
GCOS
R/SSC-CM Scientific
Advisory Group
RSAG
WMO
CGMS/GSICS
R/SSC-CM Executive
Panel
R/SSC-CM Data Working
Group
REP
RDWG
R/SSC-CM
Secretariat
RSSC-CM Specialised
Specialised
RSSC-CM
Centres
Specialised
R/SSC-CMCentres
RSSCs
Centres
RSSCs
R/SSCs
Slide: 28
CEOS
R/SSC-CM Planning Meeting
Darmstadt, 15-16 April 2008
Global Network
of Regional/Specialized
Satellite Centres (R/SSC)
for Climate Monitoring
Atmospheric Domain
Action ID
(Atmosphere)
ECV
Description
Climate-A-10
Carbon dioxide,
methane and
other greenhouse
gases
CEOS agencies will participate in
planning, by 2011, the operational
follow-on to the chemistry missions
planned for the next 5 to 7 years.
Climate-A-12
Upper air winds
CEOS will determine options by 2010
for continuing improvements to wind
determinations
demonstrated
by
MODIS and to be demonstrated by
ADM Aeolus.
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Oceanic Domain
Action ID (Ocean)
ECV
Description
Climate-O-3
Sea ice
New
space-based
measurements
and
products, including ice thickness and ice drift,
will be considered by CEOS agencies as part
of their future research missions.
Climate-O-15
Salinity
ESA will fly SMOS in 2007 to demonstrate
measurement of the sea surface salinity (and
soil moisture) ECV; NASA/CONAE will fly
Aquarius/SAC-D in 2009 to demonstrate
measurement of the sea surface salinity ECV.
Climate-O-16
Salinity
CEOS agencies will cooperate in developing
future plans for an Ocean Salinity
Constellation.
Climate-O-3
Sea ice
New
space-based
measurements
and
products, including ice thickness and ice drift,
will be considered by CEOS agencies as part
of their future research missions.
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Developing countries
• Developing countries have special problems,
not least with respect to securing the
resources needed to implement regional
GCOS Action Plans.
• The WMO Executive Council encourages the
GCOS Secretariat and the GCOS Steering
Committee to study the issue with a view to
facilitating the necessary fundraising, including
from the UNFCCC and its financial mechanism,
to enable the effective implementation of these
Plans.
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Implementation
• WMO recognizes that GCOS is still far from fully
implemented and that a major effort is needed in
most parts of the world to strengthen and maintain
essential climate observing networks and systems.
• In this regard, WMO would like to commend the
development of the Regional Action Plans produced
through the now-completed GCOS Regional
Workshop Programme and also the follow-up
initiatives, such as the Climate for Development for
Africa Programme, intended to facilitate the
implementation of needed improvements in developing
regions.
• WMO encourages the GCOS Steering Committee to
continue such follow-up efforts as resources allow.
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Climate Adaptation
• WMO understands the need to pay increasing
attention to the requirements for climate information
for adaptation.
• We would like to see the GCOS Steering Committee,
in addition to WCRP and others, identify their current
activities that are relevant to adaptation and also
identify gaps in climate information in key socioeconomic sectors that need addressing in order to
enable effective climate-risk management.
• The GCOS Steering Committee should take steps to
address observational needs for adaptation in future
priority setting and planning.
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UNFCCC/GEOSS/WIGOS
WCC-3
• WMO notes that much has changed since the
original 1992 Memorandum of Understanding
(MOU) establishing GCOS was last updated in
1998:
–
–
–
–
the greatly strengthened link with the UNFCCC
the emergence of GEOSS
the establishment of WIGOS.
the agreement of WMO with ISO
• the outcome of WCC-3 will have important
implications for GCOS.
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WMO and ISO strengthen partnership
on international standardization
•ISO Secretary-General Alan Bryden and
WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud today
signed an agreement on Working arrangements
in Geneva, Switzerland, to formalize the
partnership.
Geneva, 16 September 2008 – WMO/ISO
• WMO and ISO have agreed
to increase their cooperation
in the development of
international standards
related to meteorological and
hydrological data, products
and services.
• The WMO has liaison status
with nearly 30 of ISO's
technical committees
developing standards with
relevance to hydrometry, air
quality, water quality, soil
quality, geographic
information, solar energy,
petroleum and gas industry,
information technologies,
marine, quantities and units.
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Agreement of WMO with ISO
• The Working arrangements between the WMO and
ISO aim to strengthen the development of
International Standards and to avoid duplication of
work on standards related to the following
environmental data, products and services :
–
–
–
–
Meteorological
Climatological
Hydrological
Marine/Ocean and related
• Procedures are now in place for the accelerated
adoption by ISO of WMO documents as ISO
standards. WMO and ISO will develop, approve
and publish common standards based on WMO
technical regulations, manuals and guides.
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Agreement of WMO with ISO
• Michel Jarraud, SG of WMO, stated that the new
procedures “would clarify the authority of WMO
documents and enhance their international
recognition and dissemination.
• Alan Bryden, SG of ISO, underlined that the
agreement was an illustration of the increasing
collaboration between the UN System and ISO, as
well as of the contribution of international standards to
responding to the challenges of climate change.
• ISO has recognized WMO as an international
standardization body through ISO Council Resolution
43/2007 approved in December 2007.
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Challenges and opportunities
Overview of Weather and Climate Models and the
Required Observations
Mid-1970s
Atmosphere
Mid-1980s
Early 1990s
Late 1990s
Present Day
Early 2000s?
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Atmosphere
Weather
Land Surface
Land Surface
Land Surface
Land Surface
Land Surface
Climate
Variability
Ocean & Sea IceOcean & Sea Ice Ocean & Sea IceOcean & Sea Ice
Sulphate
Aerosol
Need an Integrated
Comprehensive
Global Climate
Observing System
Sulphate
Aerosol
Sulphate
Aerosol
Non-sulphate
Aerosol
Non-sulphate
Aerosol
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Climate
Change
Dynamic
Vegetation
Atmospheric
Chemistry
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MOU and GCOS PLAN
• Considering all above changes , WMO therefore
encourages the Steering Committee to assess the
need for updating the GCOS MOU and that it propose
to the Sponsors elements that they should consider in
renegotiating and revising the MOU.
• For similar reasons, WMO supports updating the 1995
GCOS Plan and encourages the Steering Committee
to propose a process for accelerated completion of the
Plan.
• WMO recognizes the precarious and unstable
nature of the GCOS Secretariat budget and will
work with the other Sponsors of GCOS to ensure
its long-term viability
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Discussions: Sustained approach for GCOS
•Any Single Problem Requires Many Data Sets
•A Single Data Set Will Serve Many Communities
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Discussions : Sustained approach for GCOS
1. Sustaining current GCOS observing systems and
merge other systems to make it stronger by using all
available resources; (operational ?)
2. Developing new climate observing capabilities (both
surface/deep ocean and space-based systems,
comprehensive GCOS)
3.Providing climate products and services to end users,
i.e. , from climate observation to climate monitoring and
services. (Result-based approach, more visible way)
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Thanks again to all SC
members for your great
efforts and achievements!
Thanks for your attention !
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