Transcript urban green growth indicators

Cities and Green Growth
OECD Green Cities Programme
Regions for Economic Change Conference
24 June 2011 | Brussels
Marissa Plouin
OECD
The logic of city scale action
per capita transport CO2 emissions in 2006
(kg CO2/ population)
Correlation between per capita CO2 emissions in transport
and density in predominantly urban areas
• Economic role of cities
6000
United States
5000
Canada
• Negative externalities
4000
• Contribution to climate
change
Ireland
Norway
3000
2000
• Vulnerability to climate
change impacts
Australia
New Zealand
Spain
BelgiumDenmark
Finland
SwedenSwitzerland
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Japan
Germany Portugal
 Opportunities for
synergies
Austria
Mexico
Slovak Republic Poland
1000
Korea
Czech Republic
Hungary
Turkey
0
0
1000
2000
3000
Urban density in 2005 (population/ km2)
4000
5000
2010 Urban Roundtable of Mayors and Ministers
www.oecd.org/urban/2010roundtable
Roundtable responded to a call for
an evaluation of urban green growth
policies to determine best practices,
concluding:
•
•
•
•
Urban green growth policies can
contribute to national
competitiveness outcomes
Strategies are requiring significant up-front investments and long-term
financial mechanisms
Need to bridge gap between national and urban approaches to green growth
Indicators are needed to measure their impact
OECD Green Cities Programme
• Development of urban green growth indicators
• Thematic working papers and reports
• Case studies to assess policy impacts on green
growth
• Technical workshops and political meetings
• A synthesis report on Cities and Green Growth
The conceptual framework | Part I
What do we mean by green growth?
Definitions and desirable scenarios
Defining green growth
Green growth means fostering economic growth
and development while ensuring that the quality
and quantity of natural assets can continue to
provide the resources and ecosystem services on
which our well-being relies.
To do this, it must catalyze investment,
competition and innovation which will underpin
sustained growth and give rise to new economic
opportunities.
OECD Green Growth Strategy, 2011
Green growth and sustainable development
Alternative green growth scenarios
Scenario 1 –
No Impact
Scenario 4 –
Multi-Sectoral Growth
Scenario 2 –
Green Sectoral Growth
Scenario 5 –
Displacement
Scenario 3 –
Economic Greening
Scenario 6 – Economic
Stagnation/De-Growth
The conceptual framework | Part II
A proposal for a policy framework
A policy framework for an urban green growth agenda
Pro-growth policies
Human capital
Infrastructure
Innovation
Greening challenges and opportunities
Goals
Natural
resources
Energy
Mobility
Building
Pollution
management
Policy levers
Rulemaking
& oversight
Public
spending
Financial
tools
Socio-technical
resources
Green services
Information
& advocacy
Policy jurisdiction
Supra-national
National
& values
Sub-national
A policy framework for an urban green growth agenda
Green growth policy synergies:
example of transport and mobility
Pro-growth policies
Greening
opportunities
Mobility policies
•Impact on jobs
•Impact on
demand for green
goods
•Impact on urban
attractiveness
Human capital
policies
Infrastructure and
investment policies
Innovation
policies
The conceptual framework | Part III
Challenges to advancing an urban green
growth agenda
Limits to the urban green growth agenda
• Risk of a zero-sum game among cities?
Some urban economies may grow a great deal
while other could shrink.
• Cities are not equal: baseline variables
Resource Environment
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•
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•
Natural resource base
Climate/geographic conditions
Technology/infrastructure
Urban form/built environment
Policy and Economic
Environment
•
•
•
•
Policy competency
Level of engagement
Industrial/economic base
Other economic factors
Gaps in multi-level governance
Administrative gap
Policy gap
Information gap
Capacity gap
Geographical mismatch between the green growth challenge or
opportunity and the administrative boundaries.
Sectoral fragmentation of policy tasks and powers across ministries
and public agencies within the central government administration as
well as among different departments within sub-national government
administrations.
Asymmetry of information across ministries, between levels of
government and across local actors involved in specific policy areas.
Insufficient scientific and technical expertise, know-how and
infrastructure to design and implement policy.
Funding (or fiscal) gap Insufficient or unstable revenues to implement policy across
ministries and levels of government.
Objective gap
Diverging or contradictory objectives between levels of government
or departments/ministries that compromise the adoption of
convergent targets over the long run.
Accountability gap
Lack of transparency in policymaking, integrity and institutional
quality issues.
Market gap
Misalignment between policymaking goals or ambitions and the
ability of private sector stakeholders to deliver these goals.
Measuring and monitoring green growth
• Methodological challenges of developing green growth
indicators, particularly at the sub-national level
• Builds on OECD efforts to develop metrics that go beyond
GDP to measure societal well-being (Measuring Progress)
and assess green growth (OECD Green Growth Strategy)
• Currently expanding the Metropolitan Database to include
four classes of environmental indicators:
– residential density and sprawl
– land use and change in land cover
– transport use and travel time
– urban emissions and air quality
Financing green growth
• Fees and charges
– Transportation
– Development
– Energy
• Local cap-and-trade
• Carbon offsets
• Public-private partnerships
National policies and frameworks matter
• National pricing signals, e.g. carbon taxes
• National targets and incentives
• Greening urban finance
• Technical assistance and knowledge sharing