Transcript 幻灯片 1 - APFNet

Critical issues related to forest
traditional knowledge and culture
Liu Jinlong
Centre for Forest, Environment, and Resource Policy Study
Renmin University of China
Dialogue on Forestry in the Context of Eco-Civilization July 192013
2016/4/8
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Buyi people
 Fengshui forest at Buyi ethnic community
 Fengshui forest at Tong ethnic community
Table of contents
 What is TFRK
 Highlights of role of
TFRK
 A glimpse of
traditional forests and
culture
 OUR action
20th+ century developments: beyond timber.
Increased recognition of
importance of forests,
and increased public
demands for:
 Water resource
management
 Soil conservation
 Biodiversity conservation
 Recreation and health
 Non-timber forest
products
 Forest-based livelihoods
 Cultural values
What is traditional forest-related knowledge?
“a cumulative body of knowledge,
practice and belief, handed down
through generations by cultural
transmission and evolving by
adaptive processes, about the
relationship between living beings
(including humans) with one
another and with their forest
environment”
United Nations Forum on Forests 2004
Glimpses on TFRKs
Europe
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Africa
7
Glimpses on TFRKs
Asia
Mid Asia
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Unique features of traditional forest-related knowledge
 Sustainability: the goal - maintaining
the sustainability of the system.
 Relationships: peoples’ connections
among themselves and to their
territory are not severed by the use of
new knowledge, ideas or techniques.
 Identity: people maintain their distinct
identities.
 Reciprocity: people maintain their
system of benefit sharing among
themselves, and
 Limits on exchange: while people may
engage in market exchange of
products from the land, the
fundamental productivity of the
system itself is not viewed as capital
to be exchanged.
Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
 Sacred sites:
religious, social,
ecological roles
 Culturally
significant
species
 NTFPs: wild foods,
traditional
medicines, craft
materials, etc….
Food security and agricultural productivity
 Traditional plant
breeding
 Agroforestry
 Permanent & shifting
cultivation systems
Monitoring environmental change
 Long-term
observations of climate
and weather
forecasting based on
plant and animal
species distributions,
phenologies, migration
patterns ….
 Value of traditional
knowledge increasingly
recognized in climate
change assessments :
Climate change mitigation and adaptation
 High energy-use
efficiency of many
traditional agro-forest
and shifting
cultivation systems
relative to “modern”
high-input agriculture
 Adaptation of
traditional forest and
agriculture
management to low
and/or uncertain
rainfall regimes
Role of Fengshui forest and holy trees
 Making the village beautiful
 Soil and water conservation
 Tombs for forefathers, keeping
forefather’s spirit quiet and well
TFRK is about how people
manage forests traditionally
 Forest classification/category – more then
materialized productions
Fengshui forests / holy trees / closed forests /
temple forests
Waterhead forests
Fuelwood forests
Belt for fire protections and community
boundary
TK is a part of local eco-system, and
local cultures, people’s life world,–
Harmonized features between human
and environments
Challenges for the preservation and development of
TFRK
 Erosion of traditional lifestyles,
belief systems & traditional
institutions governing traditional
forest management.
 Vanishing traditional knowledge
of forest ecosystems, species
and their management.
 Loss of traditional local control
over forest resources and use.
Weak or non-existent land rights
and protection of forests from
encroachment or expropriation.
Challenges for the preservation and
development of TFRK
 Degradation of forest ecosystems in regions
where traditional forest knowledge is
concentrated: deforestation and forest
degradation
 Commercialization of traditional knowledge by
scientists and business interests without prior
informed consent or adequate sharing of
benefits (with the holders and users of this
knowledge (e.g., medicinal plants)
 Impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems
(changing species compositions, changing
animal migration patterns, increased natural and
anthropogenic disturbance …) and CC mitigation
measures (large-scale forest conversion for
production of biofuels. e.g., oil palm, sugarcane
…)
Some critiques
 Plantation + (China Tropical + Indonesia +
PNG + Cambodia + Vietnam + …) = new (+
new) colonization (Human domination to
motherland)
 Plantation + (Germany + Norway + New
Zealand + Finland) = Success of forestry
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Why?
 The same philosophy, sciences,
technologies and likely similar forest
governance regime, but total different
outcomes between the south/north.
 Then we should question:
Philosophy (individualism, rationalism, world
master)?
Sciences is absolute “sciences”
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Some reflections
 Modernization = rationalization of traditional
knowledge + dismissing religion
 150’s Forestry history = migration
(colonization) of European forestry sciences
to the rest of the world.
 Recalling the masters of Germany philophy
(Johann George Hamann、Frederich von
Schelling, J.G. von Herder, Justus Moser) in
1800s’
To France and UK where enlightening occurred,
Germany is located in the east
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Forest transition
Percentage forest cover change over time
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
t1
CIAS, Kyoto University
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
Nature of East Asia Wisdoms
Satoyama, Satoumi – Japan;
Maeulsoop – Korean;
Fengshui Forests, Holly trees -China
1. Philosophy: holistic and integration / simplification and
segmentation
2. Governance: Collective / individuals; customary rules / legislation
3. Practices: a sort of lifestyle and attitude / property rights and
trade-off for benefits
Remarks
 The history of scientific forestry in China is
only hundred years. We should not totally
deny the colorful forestry related traditional
knowledge that had been created and
practiced by 5000 years.
 Our East Asia recognized we have been in
background in terms of sciences and
technology in the past 150 yrs.
 Colonization of western wisdom (advanced or
modern knowledge and way of think and
livelihoods)
East Asia Network on Forest
Tradition and Culture
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农村调研
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中国生态脆
弱带综合社
区发展模式
Version：天、人、地和谐美满，生产、生活与自
然浑为一体（可视的两型社区）
核心目标：
 重塑市场化、全球化背景下的农村社区结构
 分合互补的自然资源利用 和管理系统景观和人-生态系统
概念下生物多样性、草原和水保护
 低碳社区（零排放社区）
 学习型社区
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Thanks！
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