Transcript Lecture 24
Physics of Technology PHYS 1800 Lecture 24 Introduction Climate Change Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 1 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 1 PHYSICS OF TOF ECHNOLOGY - PHYS 1800 PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT SHEET Spring 2009Spring Assignment Sheet 2009 Date Day Lecture Chapter Feb 16 M Presidents Day 17 Tu Angular Momentum (Virtual Monday) 18 W Review 19 H Test 2 20 F* Static Fluids, Pressure Feb 23 M Flotation 25 W Fluids in Motion 27 F* Temperature and Heat Mar 2 M First Law of Thermodynamics 4 W Heat flow and Greenhouse Effect 6 F* Climate Change Mar 9-13 M-F Spring Break Mar 16 M Heat Engines 18 W Power and Refrigeration 20 F* Electric Charge Mar 23 M Electric Fields and Electric Potential 25 W Review 26 H Test 3 27 F* Electric Circuits Mar 30 M Magnetic Force Review Apr 1 W Electromagnets 3 F Motors and Generators Apr 6 M Making Waves 8 W Sound Waves 10 F* E-M Waves, Light and Color Apr 13 M Mirrors and Reflections Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 2 15 W Refraction and Lenses 17 F* Telescopes and Microscopes Apr 20 M Review 22 W Seeing Atoms 24 F The really BIG & the really small INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 May 1 F Final Exam: 09:30-11:20am No Class 8 5-8 5-8 9 9 9 10 10 10 No Classes 11 11 12 12 13 9-12 13 14 9-12 14 15 15 16 17 17 17 1-17 18 (not on test) 21 (not on test) Homework Due - 6 7 8 - 9 10 11 No test week 12 Fall 2004 * = Homework Handout *Homework Handout Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 2 The Flow of Heat – In radiation, heat energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves. • The electromagnetic waves involved in the transfer of heat lie primarily in the infrared portion of the spectrum. • Unlike conduction and convection, which both require a medium to travel through, radiation can take place across a vacuum. • For example, the evacuated space in a thermos bottle. • The radiation is reduced to a minimum by silvering the facing walls of the evacuated space. Q t A B T Introduction Section 0 4Lecture 1 Slide 3 B 5.7 10 8 W / m 2 K 4 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 3 Heat Flow and the Greenhouse Effect What heat-flow processes are involved in the greenhouse effect? Ein Eout Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 4 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 4 Energy Balance (Conservation of Energy) IN OUT j ~T Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 4 Slide 5 temperature energy Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 5 Energy Balance (Energy Conserved) IN OUT Introduction Constant Temperature Lecture 1 Slide 6 (Equilibrium) Section 0 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 6 Energy Balance (Excess Energy) IN OUT Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 7 Warming INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 7 Energy Balance (Energy Deficit) OUT IN Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 8 Cooling INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 8 Ein Eout IN Solar Input Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 9 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Source: NOAA Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 9 Blackbody Radiation Problem All bodies at T>0 K emit EM radiation. This process is called blackbody radiation. The hotter the body, the more intensity and the higher the average frequency of the emitted light. Observations: Blackbody radiation spectrum depends only on the temperature of the surfaces of the object. Wien’s law Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 10 Energy density (J/cm3) Stephan-Boltzmann Law: Q Total Power B T4 A T 5.6703 108 W 2 m K lmax The peak wavelength is 2.898 mm lmax T Wavelength (mm) INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 10 IN Solar Input Wien’s law Stephan-Boltzmann Law: Q Total Power B T4 A T 5.6703 108 W 2 m K The peak wavelength is 2.898 mm lmax T The peakIntroduction of the solar spectrum Section 0 Lecture is at ~0.450 um wavelength (in the green). This corresponds to a solar temperature of ~5800 K. INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 1 For a solar radius of 7·108 m, and radiating surface area of 4/3 π r2, the solar irradiance is JSun= W. Slide 11 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 11 IN Solar Input Power Density at Earth’s Radius The energy density at the average Earth radius is 2 4 Section 1 RSun0 Lecture 3 J E J Sun 2 4 DSun Earth 3 Introduction Power Input for Earth The total power intercepted by the Earth is Slide 12 PEarth J Earth REarth 2 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 12 Ein Eout OUT Visible Reflection Infrared Emission Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 13 Infrared Trapping INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 13 Ein Eout OUT Visible Reflection Introduction Section 0 Table 1. Surface Albedos Lecture 1 Surface Albedo Vegetation 0.2 Pale soil 0.3 Slide 14 Dark soil 0.1 Water 0.1 Clouds 0.5-0.9 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 14 Ein Eout OUT Infrared Emission Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Stephan-Boltzmann Law: Q Total Power B T4 A T 5.6703 108 W 2 m K 15 Slide Here use the surface area of the Earth and the equilibrium temperature of the Earth. Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 15 Ein Eout OUT Infrared Trapping Introduction Section 0 This is the greenhouse effect. Lecture 1 Slide First solve the equilibrium 16 problem without this term and then with it. INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 16 Ein Eout OUT Without Infrared Trapping Introduction Section 0 PIn POut B TSun 4 RSun2 2 4 2 R T 4 R Earth B Earth Earth 2 D Sun Earth so Lecture 1 Slide 17 RSun TEarth TSun 2 2 DSun Earth 1 2 280 K 7 C INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 17 Ein Eout OUT With Infrared Trapping Introduction Section 0 Measured average T is ~ 298 K = 25 C Difference due to greenhouse effect is ~12 C Lecture 1 Slide 18 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 18 600 Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning 500 Paleo climate 400 300 280 260 CO2 [ppmv] 240 220 200 180 Section 0 Lecture 1 Temperature Introduction Slide 19 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 600,000 500,000 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 400,000 300,000 200,000 Climate Change Years Before Present 100,000 0 Lecture 24 Slide 19 600 Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning 500 Paleo climate 400 300 280 260 CO2 [ppmv] 240 220 180 Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 20 Temperature Glacial 200 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 600,000 500,000 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 400,000 300,000 200,000 Climate Change Years Before Present 100,000 0 Lecture 24 Slide 20 triggers Introduction Section 0 feedbacks Lecture 1 Slide 21 Sun INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 21 Mercury 333° F Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Venus +855° F Earth 59° F Mars -67° F Slide 22 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 22 triggers Sun Introduction Section 0 feedbacks Lecture 1 Slide 23 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 23 600 Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning 500 Paleo climate 400 300 280 260 CO2 [ppmv] 240 220 200 180 Section 0 Lecture 1 Temperature Introduction Slide 24 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 600,000 500,000 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 400,000 300,000 200,000 Climate Change Years Before Present 100,000 0 Lecture 24 Slide 24 600 Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning 500 Paleo climate 400 300 280 260 CO2 [ppmv] 240 220 200 180 Section 0 Lecture 1 Temperature Introduction Slide 25 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 600,000 500,000 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 400,000 300,000 200,000 Climate Change Years Before Present 100,000 0 Lecture 24 Slide 25 600 Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning 500 400 Today’s CO2 Concentration 300 280 260 CO2 [ppmv] 240 220 200 180 Section 0 Lecture 1 Temperature Introduction Slide 26 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 600,000 500,000 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 400,000 300,000 200,000 Climate Change Years Before Present 100,000 0 Lecture 24 Slide 26 MODELS Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 27 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 27 Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 28 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 28 triggers Introduction Section 0 feedbacks Lecture 1 Slide 29 Sun INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 29 1980 Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 30 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 30 2007 Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 31 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 31 600 Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning 500 400 Today’s CO2 Concentration 300 280 260 CO2 [ppmv] 240 220 200 180 Section 0 Lecture 1 Temperature Introduction Slide 32 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 600,000 500,000 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 400,000 300,000 200,000 Climate Change Years Before Present 100,000 0 Lecture 24 Slide 32 After 45 More Years of current energy use patterns 600 500 400 Today’s CO2 Concentration 300 300 280 260 CO2 [ppmv] 240 220 200 180 Section 0 Lecture 1 Temperature Introduction Slide 33 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 600,000 500,000 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 400,000 300,000 200,000 Climate Change Years Before Present 100,000 0 Lecture 24 Slide 33 ground observations satellite observations balloon data sea surface temps continental ice sheet retreat polar ice cap retreat mtn. glacier retreat permafrost melt ice cores coral reef cores tree rings Section 0 Lecture 1 BIOLOGICAL DATA Introduction ocean sediment cores Slide 34 WARMING INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 34 A Preponderance of Evidence Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 35 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 35 These folks agree ... National Academy of Sciences (United States of America) Royal Society (United Kingdom) Royal Irish Academy Academié des Sciences (France) Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Germany) Accademia dei Lincei (Italy) Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Royal Society of Canada Russian Academy of Sciences Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences and the Arts Science Council of Japan Chinese Academy of Sciences Indian National Science Academy Australian Academy of Sciences Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand Academia Brasliiera de Ciências Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide (Brazil) 36 Caribbean Academy of Sciences Indonesian Academy of Sciences Academy of Sciences Malaysia INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Source: IPCC TAR Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 36 And these folks... American Meteorological Society (AMS) American Geophysical Union (AGU) NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) State of the Canadian Cryosphere (SOCC) Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS) Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 37 Geological Society of America Geological Society of London INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 37 And these folks... American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) American Physical Society / American Institute of Physics American Chemical Society Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 38 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Climate Change Lecture 24 Slide 38