Transcript KTH - School of Energy

Global perspective on energy
Renewables
 Wind power
 Hydro power
 Solar power
 Thermal surface
 Thermal geo
 Biomass
Non Renewables
 Oil
 Coal
 Natural gas
 Peat
 Nuclear
Non renewables
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Energy in figures
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Energy in figures - Consumption
Per capita energy consumption of different parts of
the world in relation to China
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China
5
10
20
1,00
14,16
United States
Japan
6,88
Western Europé
6,80
4,88
Former SU and Eastern Europé
India
Dev. Parts of the world as a
whole
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0,48
1,04
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Energy in figures – energy intensity
Energy intensity = energy use per 1$ of gross product
Energy use relative to economic output
USA
200
World as a whole
150
Former Soviet and Eastern Europé
100
China as Ref
50
OECD
Canada
0
India
Energy intensity of
different countries
Japan
China
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Predicted energy sources
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Gas and oil predicted to run out, but coal is plentiful. Giving CO2
emissions for a far future.
Sandhamn
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KTH - School of Energy- and Environmental Technology
The oil field Bibi Heybat, Baku – ca 1910
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Courtesy State Archives of Azerbabaijan Republic
Mount Tai
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1630 steps
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Kerosene
200 kg
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They have lifted the barrel 500 m up
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The men have lifted the kerosene barrel 500 m up
Potential Energy PE = mgh
where
PE = Energy (in Joules)
m = mass (in kilograms)
g = gravitational acceleration of the earth (9.8 m/sec2)
h = height above earth's surface (in meters)
The increase in PE for the barrel is:
PE = 200 ∙ 9.8 ∙ 500 = 980 000 J = 980 kJ
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The men have lifted the kerosene barrel 500 m up
Combustion energy of Kerosene 45 kJ/g
That means that the raise of potential energy
equals 980/45 = 22 g kerosene
Conversion efficiency when turning the combustion energy into
mechanical energy = 0.25
This means that to lift the kerosense barrel 500 m you would need
22/0.25 = 88 g kerosene which is approximately 110 ml kerosene
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The kerosene in a 33 cl Coca Cola can is
enough to lift the 200 l barrel to the top
Of Mount Tai three times
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The kerosene in a 33 cl can is enough to lift
the 200 l barrel to the top of Mount Tai three times
Conclusion
Fossil fuel is our black slave
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KTH - School of Energy- and Environmental Technology
The threats and vulnerability have become bigger
Source: Aleklett, 2005
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Environmental issues related to energy
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Climate change (CO2, CH4, N2O, etc)
Other pollutants from fossil fuel combustion
Ecological damage from hydroelectric dams
Problems associated with nuclear cycle
...
Climate Change – from
transport, power generation,
heating…
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Emissions reduction - role of technology
Assumption of technology
improvements:
# Improved efficiency of fossil fuel
energy
# Nuclear
# Renewables
Required to stabilize CO2 level in
atmosphere at 550 ppm:
# Innovative technologies
currently non-commercial
# Carbon capture storage
# Hydrogen production/advanced
transport
# Solar
# Biotechnology
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Strategies for tackling the problems
related to GHG and Climate Change
The problems cannot be solved only by replacing fossile
fules with renewable resources
There have to be actions taken on many levels:
Technology
Economy (Fees ….)
Political (Legislation…)
Social (Change in peoples behaviour …
These actions have to be coordinated in a cost effective way
The cost for action lower than cost of consequences
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Future Energy Options
• Short to mid-term : Enhanced use of
natural gas, coal, nuclear?
• Long-term : Renewable energy resources
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Natural gas
 Least polluting fossil fuel
 Greater portions of proved and potential reserves of
NG outside the Middle East
 NG’s worldwide energy share over the next 20 years:
 2.7-3.2% average growth rate of
 > 40% greater than that of oil
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What about nuclear power?
Sandhamn
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Which energy system
has the lowest risk?
Nuclear power
Coal power
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Spreading of radioactive material
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Which energy system
has the lowest risk?
Nuclear power
Coal power
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Renewable energy
 Hydro power
 Wind power
 Solar power
 Thermal surface
 Thermal geo
 Biomass
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Hydro power
• - Large effects on ecosystems
through dams and running water
• - Conflicts through change of land use
• + Control of flooding
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Wind power
 Where both wind speed and land are
abundant
 Most competitive with conventionally
generated electricity
 Annual wind power growth rate: >10%
 Intermittency
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Solar power
 Photovoltaic
 Production of hydrogen
Photovolitic efficiency
• Theoretical 29 %
• Laboratory 23 %
• Commercial product 15 %
 Solar thermal
 Integration in low exergy systems
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Geothermal
 0.3 % of global electricity consumption
 > 5% of national electricity consumption –
only six countries (Iceland, Philippines, New
Zealand, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Kenya)
 Capital intensive
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Biomass
 Direct heating
 Boiler fuel to generate electricity
 Liquid fuel for transport
 CO2-neutral ?
 Uncomplicated technology
 Relatively low cost
 Conflicts?
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COGENERATION
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Use of wasted low grade energy sources
from the power plants for heating and
cooling
Better efficiency for the power plants
• Less heat losses
Drop in toxic air emissions
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Some examples from Sweden
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The 15 national objectives
Reduced Climate Impact
Clean Air
Natural Acidification Only
Safe Radiation Environment
A Protective Ozone Layer
A Non-Toxic Environment
Sustainable Forests
A Good Built Environment
A Magnificent Mountain Landscape
A Varied Agricultural Landscape
Zero Eutrophication
Flourishing Lakes and Streams
Good-Quality Groundwater
A Balanced Marine Environment,
Flourishing Coastal Areas and Archipelagos
Thriving Wetlands
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The 15 national objectives
Reduced Climate Impact
Clean Air
Natural Acidification Only
Safe Radiation Environment
A Protective Ozone Layer
A Non-Toxic Environment
Sustainable Forests
A Good Built Environment
A Magnificent Mountain Landscape
A Varied Agricultural Landscape
Zero Eutrophication
Flourishing Lakes and Streams
Good-Quality Groundwater
A Balanced Marine Environment,
Flourishing Coastal Areas and Archipelagos
Thriving Wetlands
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Municipalities
Heating plant
Bio-fuels
Ash
Waste water
Treatment plant
Waste products (sludge)
Fertilisation of energy forest
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Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm
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One of the biggest housing developments
in Europe
Twice as good as conventional projects
Energy: 60kWh/m², only renewable.
Transport: Reduction 20%. Bus,
underground, bicycle, walking 80% of
total.
Waste: Reduction 20%. Harmful and
hazardous waste reduced 50%. 60% of
nitrogen and phosphorus back to farming.
Water: Reduce to half. 95% of
phosphorus to farming. Local storm water
treatment.
Building material: Metals, gravel from raw
material reduced to half. Reduction of
harmful substances with 70%.
Create good examples!
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Waste management state of management in Sweden
Household waste (2004)
Hazardous
0.6%
Recycling
33%
Incineration
47%
Landfill
9%
Biological
treatment
10.4%
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Comparison of Two Methods of Energy Efficient Houses
Low Exergy Systems
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Systems that can utilize low
valued energy in heating and
cooling, where the media
temperature is close to required
indoor air temperature or
through use of heat pumps
S Surface Heating and Cooling
A Air Heating and cooling
G Generation / Conversion of
Cold and Heat
T Thermal Storage
D Distribution
A
S
T
G
D
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Communities
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Radiator
Principle of heat pump
Liquid-Liquid system
Circulation
pump
Condensor
Heating factor about 3
Expansion
valve
Effectivity of heat pump
depends on the temperature
in the radiator and the
temperature of the low
temperature heating source
and on cooling medium
Compressor
Cooling
medium
Evaporator
Circulation
pump
Low temperature heating source
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Heat pumps sold/year
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Heat pumps for domestic heating and cooling
260 MW heating and 48 MW cooling
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Office building in Stockholm
Aquifier system
complemented with
heat pump
Other techniques:
Evaporative cooling
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•30 years of financing of development of heat pumps
and systems in co operation between authorities,
universities and companies
•Demonstration systems
”Energy collected from all heat pump installations
in Sweden, would pay for all public funding of
heat pump research since 1975, in just four days”
EFF-SYS, Final report
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Global trends
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Total dependence on fossile fuels
The industrialized society is built upon the
transformation of natural resources into
different goods. This transformation has
been possible only through the use of
relatively cheap fossil fuels.
Today we are facing a new situation where
these cheap fossil fuel resources are
becoming scarcer.
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What is the problem?
• Climate change
• Social instability
• International conflicts
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Energy and Globalization
• Globalization has stimulated the use of
energy even more. Oil and gas demand are
high and growing, so much so that the
world consumes twice as much oil as is
found today
• Countries like China and India have ever
growing energy needs, the world does and
will continue to depend primarily on oil and
gas for our energy requirements now and
into the foreseeable future
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Decreasing supplies
• The situation is now that the places with the
greatest demand can't supply their own needs
• Over the next few decades, oil and gas production
in the North Sea, North America and China are
expected to fall, or rise too little to keep pace with
demand. Only a few places have surplus reserves
— chiefly the Middle East, Africa and Russia.
• Decision-makers in the energy industry,
government, and international agencies thus face
difficult decisions. How will the supply-demand
problem be resolved?
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Globalization solves the problem?
• One possibility is a continuation of globalization.
According to this vision, free markets will ensure
that investment capital and fossil fuels alike are
distributed efficiently.
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Deglobalization?
• At the other extreme is a future that
involves more regulation and confrontation
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Rather than free markets, anxious
governments will decide how capital and
energy supplies are apportioned
• Rather than globalization, this would be
"deglobalization" with a continuation of the
‘old ways’ of bi-lateral political agreements
securing point to point long term supply
lines and markets
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Global competition
• We can see many signs of such a development
today. China is very active in developing bilateral cooperation in Africa to secure supplies of
energy and mineral resources as well as gaining
control of transport routes e.g. directly pipe
crude from the Middle East to Xinjiang
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United States has a global strategy for securing
energy supplies where the Middle East has a
central role as well as controlling transport
routes e.g. the Strait of Malacca.
Lately they have also announced increased
activity in Africa
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Global competition
• The vast oil and natural gas reserves in the
Caspian Sea basin sparked the interest of
various international actors beginning in the
early 1990s
• Today, development of mechanisms (such as
the transnational Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline)
to bring these resources to the market
continues with involvement of various
stakeholders—from multinational oil
corporations to the governments of former
Soviet states
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Global competition - Nationalism
• Russian energy group Gazprom has recently
stated in a press release that they will develop
the Shtokman field without foreign partners.
The Shtokman gas condensate deposit lies in
the Barents Sea, in the north of Russia.
• The Shtokman gas will instead be piped to
European markets. The Gazprom change in
policy came as a total surprise for large
multinational oil companies who had expected
to get possibilities to take part in the
exploration of the vast gas field.
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Are there sustainable energy systems?
Honestly I don´t how to
get this burning in all eternity
And is it really
socially acceptable?
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