Transcript THE CHALLENGES OF INCORPORATING CLEAN DEVELOPMENT

“THE CHALLENGES OF INCORPORATING CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM (CDM) AND REDUCED EMISSIONS THROUGH
DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION (REDD) INTO
CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA”
Professor Chalapan Kaluwin
Environmental Sciences & Geography
School of Natural & Physical Sciences
UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA
18th June 2008
AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
AUSTRALIA
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
• Introduction
• General Policy- Climate Change
• Clean Development Mechanism & REDD
• A WAY FORWARD
STUDY SITES
A: INTRODUCTING PNG
PNG GHG INVENTORY- 1999
Greenhouse Gas
Source/sink
categories
CO2
CH4
N2O
All Energy
3,018.0
X
X
193.0
X
X
4.27
12.20
X
X
4.27
12.20
Industrial Processes
Agriculture
Land Use Change &
Forestry
Totals
413.0
3,624.0
PNG Greenhouse gas inventory summary for 1994. All data are presented in gigagrams (Gg).
2. CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY
• UNFCCC/KP- 2005
• PACIFIC CLIMATE CHANGE FRAMEWORK2005
• SETTING UP DNA -2007
• DRAFT CARBON TRADE POLICY-2005
• DRAFT FORESTRY & CLIMATE CHANGE
POLICY-2008
• NO PNG CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY
A Policy on Climate Change ?
Possible Framework:
• Implementation of Adaptation Measures
• Contributing to Mitigation of GHG Emission
• Improving Decision-making & Good Governance
• Improve understanding of Climate Change &
Variability
• Education & Awareness
• Partnership & Cooperation
C: CHALLENGES OF CDM & REDD
• CONSTRAINTS & ISSUES:
• CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
• REDUCED EMISSION OF DEFORESTATION &
DEGRADATION (REDD).
CDM & REDD OPPORTUNITY!
Accounts for 20-25% of global GHG emissions
PNG FOREST COVER -2002
Swamp Forest 10%
Dry evergreen forest
2%
Rainforest, upper
montane 2%
Rainforest, lower
montane 27%
Rainforest, lowland
57%
Mangrove 2%
Total Land Area
46 mill ha
Total Forest Area
39 mill ha
Non- Forest Area
6.0 mill ha
Production Forests
15 mill ha
Reserve Forests
24 mill ha
Acquired Areas
12 mill ha
Available Areas
3 mill ha
Under Timber Permit
10 mill ha
Other Areas
1.0 mill ha
Estimated total sustainable
Forest production volume
Current committed cut:
= 8.0 mill. M3/annum
National Sustainable Cut:
= 3.0 mill m3/annum
Plus:
Est. Vol from Agricultural
clearing
= 1.5 mill. M3/annum
PNG FOREST RESOURCE BASE
1. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
• Kyoto Protocol – AIMS:
1. Assisting developed countries to achieve their compliance in regard to their
quantified emission limits and reduce their commitments under article 3.
2. Assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development and at the same
time contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention
• Kyoto Mechanisms
– IET – applicable to developed countries
– JI/AIJ – applicable to countries in transition
– CDM – developing countries
• Activities
– Reforestation
– Afforestation
– Agroforestry
– Renewable Energy Sources & Efficiency
CDM PROJECTS
• Two Basic CDM Projects Types:
1.
Energy sector:
Lihir Gold Mine: diesel replacement by geothermal energy
Formula: Energy use = current fossil energy volume – replacement by renewable energy
volume = off-set = CERs
2.
Natural environment sector: focused on GHG absorption and storage (CARBON SINKS)
– Pending Projects:
» Ramu Sugar’s Afforestation Project (est. CERs: 15.72tC/ha)
» Galilolo Community (Bialla) Reforestation Project
– Formula: tC (sequestrated/storage) – emitted = CERs
Accounting for Soil Organic Carbon under
IPCC Guidelines
OBJECTIVES FOR PLANTED FORESTS
Establishment of forest plantations can be used for
any of the following reasons:
•
•
•
•
•
•
SEQUESTRATION & STORAGE OF CARBON
INDUSTRIAL USE
CONSERVATION
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION, INCLUDING FOR ADAPTATION
ENERGY – BIOMASS AND BIOFUEL
NON TIMBER PRODUCTS
INVESTING INTO
CDM & REDD?
2. Reduced Emission from
Deforestation & Degradation .
• What is REDD and its opportunities to land
owners of the Papua New Guinea (>90% ) ??
2. DEFORESTATION & DEGRADATION
(REDD)
Accounts for 20-25% of global GHG emissions
Land Cover Types in PNG Region ( 1972-2002)
Highlands Region
Non forest
9,344,318-28%
Non forest
2,235,321-35%
Other closed
forest 4,556,33313%
Other closed forest
18,448-0%
Degraded rainforest
14,456-0%
Degraded
rainforest
1,729,214- 5%
intact rainforest
4,104,916-65%
intact rainforest
18,528,234- 54%
Islands Region
Non forest
1,608,098 -28%
Other closed
forest 159, 413 3%
Degraded
rainforest
1,176,044 -21%
intact rainforest
2,699,103 -48%
Mainland Lowlands
DRIVERS OF FOREST CHANGE IN PNG OVER 30 YEARS ( 19722002)
Plantations 1%
Forest Fires 4.4%
Subsistence
agriculture 45.6%
Logging 48.2%
mining 0.6%
DRIVERS OF REDD IN PNG
TWO MAIN GROUPS FOR REDD IN PNG :
a. Anthropogenic sources
-
Shifting cultivation
Logging
Large-scale commercial Agriculture
Burning
Mining and Petroleum exploration and development
Infrastructure developments
Settlements and urbanization
b. Natural sources
–
–
–
–
–
–
Earth quakes
Volcanic eruptions
Land movements
Landslips
Burning
Flooding
3. ISSUES YET TO BE RESOLVED ABOUT REDD
DEFINITIONS
May be similar to that used currently under both the UNFCCC and KP
which was further refined in the Marakesh Accord and these are as
follows:
• Deforestation – as the long-term or permanent conversion of forested land to
non-forested
•
Degradadtion – where there are emissions from forests caused be a decrease in
canopy cover that does not qualify as deforestation. It presents a much broader
land cover change than deforestation
•
Forest land – under the UNFCCC this category includes all land with woody
vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define forest land in the UNFCCC
process. Such threshold parameters include minimum area, minimum height and
minimum level of crown cover.
3. Issues
TECHNICAL & METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES:
– Additionality:
It is believed that by establishing national REDD baseline rates, the additionality of efforts to
reduce deforestation can be judged quickly and accurately while underpinned by clear reduction
targets. Using these baselines, we can determine, at a national level, whether REDD has in fact been
reduced from historical levels.
– Leakage:
It is believed that by addressing REDD on the national level, leakage will be captured in a manner
not possible with project-based accounting.
– Permanence:
It is suggested that establishment of a carbon banking mechanism that credits early action and
debits compliance failures. Further, leveraging the insurance markets to address traditional risks
such as fire, flood, etc.
– Monitoring:
With present satellite technology, remote-sensing technologies may be applied with the
necessary accuracy and cost effectiveness.
ISSUES –Cont.
Baseline ( 1972 OR 1990)
Its a future projection of emissions from REDD and serves as a reference for
measuring reductions in emissions.
Monitoring
these will include monitoring and measuring the various pools of carbon in
Forests (above and below ground biomass, dead wood, litter and soil).
A system for monitoring and reporting emissions from REDD should have the following
elements:
–
–
–
–
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Credibility
Transparency
Accuracy with high certainty
Based on good science
Compliance to the requirements of the REDD Policy
ISSUES-cont
CREDITING OR COMPENSATION ISSUES FOR REDD IN PNG:
1. PNG should Conduct research in analyzing the following:
–
available data on carbon stocks and land-use change;
–
identifying and prioritising for action the key drivers of deforestation and degradation;
–
mechanisms for engaging with carbon markets and for managing REDD payments, as well as opportunities
within the current national legislations and policies for actions.
2. PNG Need to examine the key elements of a REDD mechanism, especially the following:
–
a baseline against which to benchmark reductions in deforestation and degradation;
–
strategies to reduce emissions and to ensure their permanence;
–
means of monitoring and verifying emissions reductions, and preventing leakages;
–
REDD markets/financing;
–
mechanisms to manage and distribute payments to those bearing the costs of avoided deforestation and
degradation, including the resource owners.
THE WAY FORWARD
• PNG CLIMATE CHANGE & ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY OFFICE- June 2008
• A “NO-REGRETS POLICY”: A NATIONAL
CLIMATE CHANGE & VARIABILITY POLICY.
The natural forest dynamics studies and climate change
THANK YOU