Transcript Global pro-poor fisheries and aquaculture development

Global Pro-Poor Fisheries and
Aquaculture Development
IFAD CoP Workshop
12-13 January 2009, Rome
partnership  excellence  growth
the MDGs, fisheries & aquaculture
• Fisheries and aquaculture can help
meet the Millennium Development
Goals
• fish contributes >50% of protein
intake for 400 million people
from the poorest African and
South Asian countries
• employs 135 million worldwide,
a quarter of whom work in
aquaculture
• for the World’s 40 least
developed countries, fish is the
third largest traded commodity
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small-scale fisheries and aquaculture
Importance: Safety Net
• Part of diversified
livelihood strategies.
• Contributes to food and
nutrition security.
• Vulnerable sector
• Often landless
• Highly mobile
• Marginalised
Importance: Economic Driver
• An important cash
generator.
• Strong economic
multiplier effects.
• 50% of the 80 billion dollar
a year global fish trade
from LDCs
• Economically resilient (esp
compared to industrial
fisheries).
Challenges: (i) wider changes in the environment – especially water
management and climate change; (ii) insecure rights; (iii) social
exclusion; (iv) poor access to services
partnership  excellence  growth
small-scale fisheries & aquaculture
•
Over half of global production from
•
small-scale fisheries(37-43 million t)
•
food production sector (avg 6% per
year over the past 5 years). It now
Marine catches larger than inland
accounts for 33% of global fish supply
(28-30 million t vs 9-13 million t)
•
Resilience
Participation greater in inland SSF
•
participation
Sustainability
managed properly
14-15 million in inland SSF)
Women ca. 60% of overall
Environmental problems can arise if
use of ecosystem services not
(11-12 million people in marine vs
•
Aquaculture is the fastest growing
•
Challenge: increase food production
while maintaining ecosystem
resilience and reducing poverty
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resilient small-scale fisheries…
absorb shocks and reorganise themselves following
stresses and disturbance while still delivering
benefits for poverty reduction
Social
Resilience
Ecological
Resilience
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sustainable aquaculture…
• produces fish in ways that do
not store up environmental
problems for the future
• uses land, water, food and
energy wisely and efficiently
• is integrated into national
economies in ways that
maximize its development
impact
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multiple dimensions of poverty
Income and
asset
poverty
Social exclusion
Fisherfolk not always the ‘poorest of
the poor’ in income terms
Vulnerability
Physical asset profiles strongly
mediated by rights to land, mobility,
uncertain production system
Social exclusion: inequality and ‘elite capture’ of rights in CBFM,
poor access to services (inc. health, education, finance, justice)
Vulnerability: insecure rights, uncertain production systems,
high physical, economic and regulatory or institutional risks
(Bene, Macfadayen, Allison, 2007)
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vulnerability & incentives for
resource conservation
 Risk perception: Fish stock decline may be low in fisherfolk’s
risk-hierarchies; aquaculture investment may be seen as too
risky
 Social exclusion: fishers and farmers not able to gain the
support of external agents to improve rights and access to
services
 Overall outcome: fishers lack incentives and means to manage
resources, even when granted to them through ‘rights-based
fishing’; aquaculture technology uptake low by the poorest
 Policy implications: Incentives to claim and defend aquatic
property rights (and to risk investing in aquaculture) may require
vulnerability to be reduced and other rights to be strengthened
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perceptions of risks to livelihoods
From participatory vulnerability mapping exercises
with fishers and fish workers in East Africa:
1. Malaria and other common illnesses
2. Gear theft and personal insecurity
3. Insecure rights of access to land and landing sites
4. Unpredictable seasons/weather (climate change)
5. Rising costs of inputs
6. Marketing-related insecurities
.
.
.
11. Too much fishing; decline of fish stocks.
partnership  excellence  growth
example: vulnerability of fisheries to climate
change impacts
Low
High
Missing data
Allison et al, in press
partnership  excellence  growth
example: vulnerabililty of fisherfolk to HIV/AIDS
National adult
Fisherfolk
seroprevalence seroprevalence
(%)
(%)
Number of HIV
positive fishers
Kenya
6.7
30.5
45 000
Thailand
1.5
6.9
24 000
0.1
1.4
72 000
Indonesia
(Allison & Seeley, 2004; Kissling et al., 2005)
partnership  excellence  growth
why addressing poverty, vulnerability,
and rights helps fishery governance
 The more secure people feel, the more they save
and invest in the future
 As fishing people become more secure, the risks
of fishery decline becomes the most important
remaining source of insecurity
 This leads to more incentive to invest in
governing fish stocks.
 Incentives and capacity to claim and defend
property rights will be clearer and stronger if
violations of fisherfolk’s broader human rights
are addressed first
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investments to reduce vulnerability…
Diversification, microfinance,
education & skills
Organisational
development,
labour rights,
migrant’s rights,
gender equity
Income &
Asset
Poverty
Marginalisation
Improve access to
health services,
secure land rights,
aquatic property
rights
Vulnerability
partnership  excellence  growth
…in the context of responsible fisheries
and ecosystem-based management
Reduce vulnerability and
strengthen rights
Reform
fisheries
governance
Build assets
and capabilities
How to prevent overfishing
while supporting livelihood
interests and contributing to
poverty reduction and food
security?
Develop new
technologies
& markets
Assess resource & environmental
status to guide fishery management
partnership  excellence  growth
an integrated approach to pro-poor
fisheries and AQ development
Threat
Market failure
Response
Strengthen access to infrastructure,
Information, higher-value markets
Governance failure
Clarify and strengthen aquatic
property or user rights
Entitlements failure
Claim human rights – to food,
health, decent work, freedom
from discrimination etc
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communities of practice can help to
maximise our impact
A Linear World
View
A Networked World View
Thinking For
Thinking With
Developing
Technologies
Technologies plus…..
partnership  excellence  growth
Dr. Ann Gordon
WorldFish Center
[email protected]
partnership  excellence  growth