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ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF POLICY AND
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ON
COMMUNITIES’ VULNERABILITY AND
ADAPTATION CAPACITY TO DROUGHT IN
KGATLENG DISTRICT, EASTERN BOTSWANA
Kevin Kamau Gichangi And Elisha N. Toteng
Department of Environmental Science
Faculty of Science
University of Botswana
Vulnerability and Adaptation Capacity to DROUGHT : Impact of Policy and Institutional Frameworks
Case Studies
KGATLENG
SOME KEY QUESTIONS
What are the institutions?
How do these affect communities’
vulnerability and adaptation capacity to
drought?
What are the policies?
BOBIRWA
SUB_DISTRICT
NORTH EAST
DISTRICT
How do these affect communities
vulnerability and adaptation capacity to
drought?
Future directions in policy and institutional
reform: what could be done to ensure
policies address vulnerability and adaptation
to drought in Botswana?
CLIMATE CHANGE, VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION
Climate Change
Extreme events
(Natural Hazards)
(Disasters)
CLIMATIC
 drought (prevalent in Botswana)
 floods
 storms
-hurricanes
-typhoons
-tornadoes
bush fires
heat waves
cold spells
GEOMORPHIC
/GEOLOGICAL
earthquakes
volcanic eruptions
tsunamis (tidal waves)
landslides
avalanches
BIOLOGICAL
floral (poisonous plants)
fungal diseases (Dutch elm)
faunal diseases (malaria)
Infestations (locusts)
Adapted from Waugh (2000)
MEAN AND PREDICTED RAINFALL FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA
OBJECTIVES
 To assess how the existing
policy framework in Botswana
affects vulnerability and
adaptation capacity to
drought among local
communities in eastern
Botswana
 To examine how the existing
institutional framework affects
vulnerability and adaptation
capacity to drought in eastern
Botswana
Botswana
Admin
Central
Chobe
Ghanzi
Kgalagadi
Kgatleng
Kweneng
Ngamiland
North East
South East
Southern
Study
Area
30000000
0
30000000
60000000 Kilometers
N
W
E
S
PUBLIC POLICY REVIEW
1)
OVERARCHING POLICIES: Policies pertinent to rural development and
rural livelihoods
2)
SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES: Policies that strive at improving
communities’ standards of living
3)
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION SUPPORT POLICIES:
Policies mainly concerned with food security
4)
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES: Policies concerned
with the sustainable use and management of natural resources
5)
INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION SUPPORT POLICIES:
Policies aimed at providing economic security
OVERARCHING POLICIES
 Promote rural development and rural livelihoods (rural population
most vulnerable to drought)
 Self reliance and community participation
 Community should perform the dominant roles of: identifying
needs, formulating, implementing, monitoring and evaluating
development
 State and local government should only facilitate, support and
monitor development
The Elite Model of Public Policy
Elite
Officials and
Administrators
Mass
SOCIAL WELFARE POLICIES
 Aim for the redistributive transfer of opportunities towards the
poorer members of society
 Drought affects the most vulnerable groups (such as the poor,
remote area dwellers, the elderly and the destitute)
 The poor (most vulnerable) are concentrated in rural areas
 Income transfers generate positive multiplier effects on the rural
economy
IMPACT OF SOME SOCIAL WELFARE POLCIES
DROUGHT RELIEF PROGRAMME
14,152 WORKERS IN 2001/2002
DROUGHT YEAR
REMOTE AREA DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
38 PROJECTS BETWEEN 1997-2003
NATIONAL POLICY ON DESTITUTE
PERSONS
655 BENEFICIARIES IN THE 2002/2003
FINANCIAL YEAR
OLD AGE PENSION SCHEME
1,134 BENEFICIARIES IN THE
2002/2003 FINANCIAL YEAR
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION SUPPORT
POLICIES
 Recurrent drought and land pressure threatens the agricultural
sector in Botswana
 Agricultural sector guided by the overall objective of food security
at household level
 Agriculture a vital source of livelihood for majority of the people,
particularly in rural areas of Botswana
EXAMPLES OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION
SUPPORT POLICIES
 ALDEP – introduced improved farming methods and techniques to
improve the income of the small-scale farmer
 ARAP – Benefited a total of 46,348 people in the Kgatleng district
of Botswana (1986 – 1990)
 NAMPAAD – Expected to improve rural incomes by making arable
and dairy farming profitable and more attractive to farmers
LIMITATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
PRODUCTION SUPPORT POLICIES
 Agriculture is the most vulnerable of all economic activities to
drought
 Better to provide a community with alternative sources of income
(as adaptation strategies) in order to be less vulnerable to drought
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT POLICIES
 Some of these policies have potential to provide adaptation
strategies to drought
-
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT POLICY: Communities adjacent
to parks could benefit
-
GAME RANCHING POLICY – Communities can engage in
game farming and ranching to improve their income
-
TOURISM POLICY – Can provide local communities with
direct and indirect benefits from tourism activities such as
employment
INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION SUPPORT
POLICIES
 Vital in achieving economic security which cushions communities
against income shocks associated with drought
 Majority of the rural population engage in subsistence agriculture
which is vulnerable to drought – these policies provide alternative
means of livelihood
 However, these policies are not easily accessible to the drought
vulnerable rural population
INSTITUTIONS TARGETED

COMMUNITY LEVEL INSTITUTIONS
VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE: Village level institution
responsible for the coordination, planning and implementation of
development activities on behalf of the community
COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS
NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS
CHIEFTAINSHIP
INSTITUTIONS TARGETED (CONT..)

LOCAL/RERGIONAL/DISTRICT INSTITUTIONS
 DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION: An institution that represents central
government at the district level
 DISTRICT COUNCIL: Concerned with development activities at
district level and general administration of the district
 TRIBAL ADMINISTRATION: Botswana divided into eight major tribal
authorities each headed by a chief, the senior tribal authority
 LAND BOARD: An institution charged with the responsibility of land
allocation and management
WAY FORWARD FOR INSTITUTIONS
 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – A change in the role of the state and
local government officers to one of facilitation, support and
monitoring
 DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION – Should enhance its important role
of being the link between the community and central government
 DISRICT COUNCIL – Should be involved in activities that could
promote local economies
 TRIBAL ADMINISTRATION – the Kgotla (the traditional village
assembly) should be used to incorporate villagers into the decision
making process
WAY FORWARD FOR INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED)
 LAND BOARDS
 Should address the problem associated with dual grazing
 Unplanned changes of land use from agriculture to other uses
should be halted
 Address the problem of land long allocated but unused which
impedes rural development
WAY FORWARD FOR INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED)
 VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEES (VDCs)
 Should depend on locally generated resources for the
implementation of development activities rather than
government funding
 Should develop their ability to consult with the community
WAY FORWARD FOR INSITUTIONS (CONTINUED)
 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
 Government should enter into formal arrangements with NGOs
to provide services in the area of community building, disaster
relief, and representation of community concerns and interests
 NGOs important because they work with the community.
Government tends to be too domineering
CONCLUSION
 A wide range of policies and institutions exists, though most of
these are not climate variability and climate change specific
 Drought has not been taken into account as a cross-cutting issue
in the policymaking process in Botswana
 Drought should be seen as an important aspect in the formulation
of policies, particularly those relating to agricultural production and
natural resource management
 Poverty most important cause of high vulnerability to drought
Hoped that this study assists in the
development of effective policy and
institutional frameworks in countries with
similar environments