Transcript Climate

Climate
Chap. 14
What is climate
Climate Classification
Climatic Changes
Human Influence on Climate
What is Climate – 14.1
Objectives
• describe
different types
of climate data
• explain why
climates vary
I. Climate
Long-term weather patterns of an area
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
B. Climate describes:
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
B. Climate describes:
1. Temperatures (high, low, average)
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
B. Climate describes:
1. Temperatures (high, low, average)
2. Precipitation
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
B. Climate describes:
1. Temperatures (high, low, average)
2. Precipitation
3. Wind speed & direction
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
B. Climate describes:
1. Temperatures (high, low, average)
2. Precipitation
3. Wind speed & direction
4. Humidity
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
B. Climate describes:
1. Temperatures (high, low, average)
2. Precipitation
3. Wind speed & direction
4. Humidity
5. Pressure
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
B. Climate describes:
C. Normals
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
B. Climate describes:
C. Normals
1. Data may be collected at a location
outside city
I. Climate
A. Climate has changed over the
history of time
B. Climate describes:
C. Normals
1. Data may be collected at a location
outside city
2. Data reflects average values, not
necessarily usual weather conditions.
I. Climate
D. Factors affecting climate
I. Climate
D. Factors affecting climate
1. Latitude
2. Topography
3. Closeness to water
4. Global wind patterns
5. Ocean currents
6. Air masses
I. Climate
D. Factors affecting climate
Explain the difference between S.F. and Minneapolis?
Names for various latitudes
Topographical effect on climate
The End
Climate Classification - 14.2
Objectives
• describe the
criteria used to
classify climates
• compare and
contrast different
climates.
Submitted by: MCAS Iwakuni
I. Koeppen Classification
Classifies climates based on average temperature and
precipitation, taking into consideration vegetation.
I. Koeppen Classification
A. Tropical climate
Hawaii - http://www.georgedonna.org/Hawaiindx.htm
Constant high temperatures and lots of precipitation,
the location of many rain forests.
I. Koeppen Classification
A. Tropical climate
B. Dry climate
Gobi –
http://www.arcangeloni.com/new/mongolia_pictures.shtml
30% of all land, location of many deserts (Sahara and
Gobi), evaporation exceeds precipitation.
I. Koeppen Classification
C. Mild climate
I. Koeppen Classification
C. Mild climate
1. Humid subtropical
Florida –
http://www.marianna-online.com/marianna/index.asp
Subtropical high pressure systems bring warm, muggy
summers and dry cool winters.
I. Koeppen Classification
C. Mild climate
1. Humid subtropical
2. Marine west coast
Oregon
Constant flow of air from ocean brings mild winters
and cool summers.
I. Koeppen Classification
C. Mild climate
1. Humid subtropical
2. Marine west coast
3. Mediterranean
Italy - http://www.camigliano.it/eng/landscape.htm
Warm summers due to proximity to warm ocean water.
I. Koeppen Classification
D. Continental climate
Temperature changes can be extreme from summer to
winter, site of tropical and polar air mass collisions.
I. Koeppen Classification
D. Continental climate
1. Warm summer
2. Cool summer
3. Subarctic
I. Koeppen Classification
E. Polar climate
Year-around cold temperatures (warmest month
average is less than 50ºF).
I. Koeppen Classification
E. Polar climate
1. Tundra
Tundra - http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/nationalparks-american/10.htm
Little precipitation, many months of cold temperature,
short growing season.
I. Koeppen Classification
E. Polar climate
1. Tundra
2. Ice Caps
Penny Ice Cap http://www.wholey.net/Auyuittuq/Auyuittuq.html
Form near the poles as a result of the small amount of
solar radiation there.
I. Koeppen Classification
F. Highlands
Mt. Everest - http://www.muvaki.de/Tibet/
Unique climates due to extremely high elevations.
II. Microclimates
Localized climate that differs from the regional climate.
II. Microclimates
A. Factors
II. Microclimates
A. Factors
1. Man-made structures
II. Microclimates
A. Factors
1. Man-made structures
2. Elevation
II. Microclimates
A. Factors
1. Man-made structures
2. Elevation
3. Heat islands
Features that act to increase temperatures in a
microclimate
The End
Climatic Changes – 14.3
Objectives
• distinguish
among different
types of climatic
changes.
• recognize why
climatic changes
occur.
Flood http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elnino/anatomy/origins.html
I. Ice Ages
Ice Age - http://www.worldbook.com
Periods of time in which ice/glaciers cover vast
amounts of Earth’s surface and temperatures decrease
I. Ice Ages
A. Alternating periods of glaciation
and interglacial intervals.
I. Ice Ages
A. Alternating periods of glaciation
and interglacial intervals.
B. Most recent ice age ended about
10,000 ya.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
Short-term period of climate change as a result of
variations in daylight, temperature and weather.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
1. Summer – the North pole is titled
toward the sun and the N. hemisphere
receives more solar radiation.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
1. Summer – the North pole is tilted
toward the sun and the N. hemisphere
receives more solar radiation.
2. Winter – the North pole is tilted away
from the sun and the S. hemisphere
receives more solar radiation.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
3. Spring and Autumn (Fall) both
hemispheres experience equal solar
radiation.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
B. El Niño
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
B. El Niño
1. Causes
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
B. El Niño
1. Causes
a. Change in tradewinds brings warm
Pacific ocean water eastward.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
B. El Niño
1. Causes
a. Change in tradewinds brings warm
Pacific ocean water eastward.
b. The energy from this warm water
changes the jet stream, altering
global weather.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
B. El Niño
1. Causes
2. Effects
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
B. El Niño
1. Causes
2. Effects
a. Climate is altered in various locations.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
B. El Niño
1. Causes
2. Effects
a. Climate is altered in various locations.
b. Some dry climates receive more rain than
normal.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
B. El Niño
1. Causes
2. Effects
a. Climate is altered in various locations.
b. Some dry climates receive more rain than
normal.
c. Wet climates may experience droughts.
II. Short-term Climatic Changes
A. Seasons
B. El Niño
1. Causes
2. Effects
a. Climate is altered in various locations.
b. Some dry climates receive more rain than
normal.
c. Wet climates may experience droughts.
d. There are fewer hurricanes and monsoons.
III. Natural Climate Change
III. Natural Climate Change
A. Solar Activity: sunspots
Sunspots - http://theastropages.com/astroobjects/2000/20000306.htm
Large, dark, rapidly changing spots on the sun where
solar radiation is blocked (possibly by magnetic field)
III. Natural Climate Change
A. Solar Activity: sunspots
1. Low sunspot activity linked to cooler
temperatures by Maunder.
III. Natural Climate Change
A. Solar Activity: sunspots
1. Low sunspot activity linked to cooler
temperatures by Maunder.
2. Chart
III. Natural Climate Change
B. Earth’s orbit
III. Natural Climate Change
B. Earth’s orbit
1. Varies between circular and
elliptical orbit every 100,000 y.
III. Natural Climate Change
B. Earth’s orbit
1. Varies between circular and
elliptical orbit every 100,000 y.
2. Circular orbit takes Earth
farther from sun.
III. Natural Climate Change
B. Earth’s orbit
3. Difference in tilt every 40,000 y means cooler
summers, and warmer winters (less snow
melt).
III. Natural Climate Change
C. Earth’s wobble
A change in the direction the N. pole faces. Eventually
climates will shift when this wobbles to new direction.
III. Natural Climate Change
D. Volcanic activity
Dust in the atmosphere can block solar radiation for
several years, lowering temperatures.
The End
Human Influence on
Climate
I. Greenhouse Effect
The retention of heat in the atmosphere by gases that
act like glass in a greenhouse.
I. Greenhouse Effect
A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb
radiation. Water vapor, methane,
& carbon dioxide.
I. Greenhouse Effect
A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb
radiation. Water vapor, methane,
& carbon dioxide.
B. The sun emits short wave radiation
which penetrates the clouds.
I. Greenhouse Effect
A. Gases in the atmosphere absorb
radiation. Water vapor, methane,
& carbon dioxide.
B. The sun emits short wave radiation
which penetrates the clouds.
C. The Earth emits long wave
radiation which is trapped by
greenhouse gases.
II. Global Warming
II. Global Warming
A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a
cold environment.
II. Global Warming
A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a
cold environment.
B. Too many greenhouse gases cause
an increase in global temperatures.
II. Global Warming
A. Too little greenhouse gases cause a
cold environment.
B. Too many greenhouse gases cause
an increase in global temperatures.
C. Evidence indicates that average
global temperatures are rising.
II. Global Warming
D. Causes
II. Global Warming
D. Causes
1. Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities are
increasing greenhouse gases.
II. Global Warming
D. Causes
1. Anthropogenic – mankind’s activities are
increasing greenhouse gases.
2. Natural – the Earth goes through natural
fluctuations in global temperatures.
III. Human contributions
III. Human contributions
A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases
is the combustion of ______ fuels.
III. Human contributions
A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases
is the combustion of ______ fuels.
B. How do peoples’ activities affect
global warming?
III. Human contributions
A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases
is the combustion of ______ fuels.
B. How do peoples’ activities affect
global warming?
1. Conserving energy at home/work.
III. Human contributions
A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases
is the combustion of ______ fuels.
B. How do peoples’ activities affect
global warming?
1. Conserving energy at home/work.
2. Car pooling to school/work.
III. Human contributions
A. Biggest source of greenhouse gases
is the combustion of ______ fuels.
B. How do peoples’ activities affect
global warming?
1. Conserving energy at home/work.
2. Car pooling to school/work.
3. Recycling paper, plastic, aluminum, etc.
The End