Transcript Ozone and Climate-Friendly Buildings

Ozone and Climate-Friendly Buildings
THEMATIC MEETING FOR BUILDING DESIGNERS & ENGINEERS,
ARCHITECTS AND RAC EXPERTS
OHRID, MACEDONIA FYR, 21st– 23rd MAY 2013
Professor Susan Roaf
Professor of Architectural Engineering at Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh,
Email: [email protected]
Talk Structure:
1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings
• Climate Change Drivers
• Legislative Drivers – The European Example
• Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail
2. How ? Ecological Design: Dynamic Networks
3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona
4. Where to next ?
Talk Structure:
1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings
• Climate Change Drivers
The Climate Change Challenge
Atmospheric Carbon and Temperature are linked
a
c
b
d
http://www.skepticalscience.com/human-co2-smaller-than-natural-emissions.htm
Change Rate and Magnitude Increase
a
b
1958 – 315 ppm
2005
280 ppm
c
d
9th May 2013 - 400ppm
Time ?
2100 ?
Global Ice Melts: Sea Level Rises
2012
Coastal and inland flooding
Loss of Livlihoods
Loss of Lives
Images of Macedonian floods
Loss of Infrastructure
Loss of Communities
HEATWAVES
NY 2010
2010
EU 2003
52,000 People
died in Europe in
July 2003
In their own
homes in the
July heat wave
The Ozone Challenge
More Unaffordable Climate Impacts
The Peaky Building Problem:
Architecture makes it worse
In 2008 NSW, Australia 10% of all
electrical generating capacity was
needed for just 1% of the time
during hot spells
Importance of Understanding the Problem:
PEAKY BUILDINGS – PEAKY CITIES
HEAT ISLAND
Urban Microclimate and Its Impact on the Cooling Needs of Buildings
14
12
10
8
6
4
London : 3.1 C
Essen : 4 C
Frimbourg (CH) : 5 C
Gotemborg : 6 C
Bale - Berne = 6 C
Malmoe : 7 C
Zurich = 7 C
Frimbourg (D) : 10 C
Paris : 14 C
Athens : 14 C
USA cities
European cities
2
Population
Source: Matt Santamouris
It gets hot – everyone has their air-conditioning on – the
lights go out - New York 2003 – 50 million without energy for
2 days – July 2012: 250 million people in India for 2 days
Talk Structure:
1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings
• Legislative Drivers – The European Example
EU Rationale for better buildings
The European Commission (EC) wants cost-efficient ways to make
the European economy more:
• Ozone and Climate-friendly
• Less energy-consuming
The EU 2050 Roadmap for carbon emission reduction:
2020 targets of:
•
•
•
•
20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels
20% EU energy consumption produced from renewables
20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency
80-95 % by 2050
http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm
1. European Performance Building Directive
EPBD 2002 and Recast 2010
To enable Europe achieve Energy and Greenhouse Gas (ghg) targets.
Certification is key.
http://www.epbd-ca.eu/
EPC Buildings are of 2 grades
2 levels EPC Assessor:
Simple buildings -with “frequently occurring characteristics" such as
simple heating systems, simple natural ventilation and small comfort
cooling systems.
Complex buildings with advanced features, both of which can be
calculated using a National Calculation Methodology (NCM) required
under the EPBD.
The EPBD requirement under for Energy Performance Certificates for
buildings has been rolled out at different rates across EU countries
http://bpie.eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope.html
2. Energy Efficiency Directive: 2012
A common framework of measures for the promotion
of energy efficiency
Legislating Member States to mobilise investment in the
renovation of the national stock of buildings
C. 17 billion euros available in the coming funding round
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/eed_en.htm
3. The Ecodesign Directive 2005 and 2009
Mandates ecodesign requirements for some products Including ventilation and air-conditioning systems
Applies today to
products with
capacity up to
12kW
In 5 years applies
to larger capacity
Systems
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/ecodesign/eco_design_en.htm
4. Directive on Substances which
Damage the Ozone Layer 2000 and 2008
• Stricter than Montreal Protocol
• Takes into account the
increasing availability of
products that can replace those
which deplete the ozone layer
http://europa.eu/legislation_sum
maries/other/l28064_en.htm
Result = More Expensive Air-Conditioning
Talk Structure:
1. Why ? Ozone- and Climate-Friendly Buildings
• Building Drivers – Many Modern Buildings fail
to meet their performance targets
PROBLEM:
A SQUEEZED CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Barriers to Investment in Energy Efficiency:
• Everything Costs More
• More Institutional Barriers
• Poor Awareness / Information
•
• Global Financial Crisis
http://bpie.eu/eu_buildings_under_microscope.html
19 - http://www.targ.co.uk/other/guide19.pdf
And Econ
Poorer
Building Design ?
Naturally Ventilated
Naturally Ventilated
AC
AC
www.cibse.org/pdfs/ECG019.pdf
The Problems of
Many Modern
Buildings
Poor
Climatic Design
August 2009, 40ºC
Source:
Edward Arens,
UC Berkeley,
Windsor Conference
9-11 April 2010.
Expensive to run
+
UNCOMFORTABLE
December 2009, 5ºC
The Challenge of Natural Ventilation
CONSTRAINTS:
• New 4-storey, open-plan offices
• Tight build programme
• The process was cost-driven
• A year after completion, the M & E
systems had not been accepted.
LCBP Case Study:
West Suffolk House
actual emissions of 88.4
kgCO2/m2 per annum
Nearly three times the
design estimate of 31.4
kgCO2/m2 per annum
REALITY CHECK
Densely occupied
Noise disturbance through lightwell from
ground floor café
Too deep for single-sided natural ventilation ?
The Architecture was a
Problem here …
Dissatisfied Occupants
For more Case Studies see: www.usablebuildings trust.co.uk
County Hall London
Performance Gap
Design intent = 236kWh/m2
Marketing pitch = A “sustainable and
virtually non-polluting” design
Actual building performance = 376kWh/m2
The 1997 ECON19 good practice level for
naturally ventilated office = 112kWh/m2
Fantasy Reality Gap ?
Paul Gerard Tuohy, Gavin B Murphy (2012). Why advanced buildings don’t work? Proceedings of 7th
Windsor Conference: The changing context of comfort in an unpredictable world Cumberland Lodge,
Windsor, UK, 12-15 April 2012. London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings,
http://nceub.org.uk
The
Credibility
Gap
for a green building award winner
Seduced by our Models?
http://www.cibse.org/pdfs/ECG019.pdfSource:
Bill Bordass
LEED BUILDINGS
WORSE THAN CODE
Source:
NBI study 2008
Renewable Energy
Architectural Engineering
1. That only takes you
from There to There
2. How do you get
to
Optimise the
Modelled Building ?
Here ?
Time to Rethink Design ?
Fine – but how do we make a living ?
Eco Design……..
TIME
SPACE
20thC Thinking
Efficiency
Innovation
Competition
21STC Thinking
‘
Whole system thinking
‘out of the Box
ARCHITECTURE
Only Way to Meet the Targets - Connect the Flows
Social – Physical – Economic – Time – People
N
S
TIME AND PLACE AND SPACE
Increasing Time lag
Increasing Time lag
Hot Zone
o
Shade
Cool Zone
People, Buildings and Climate
in Dynamic relationships
o
o
5 -10 C temperature differences found in different rooms in the same house
Picture: Jane Matthews
Source: Jane Matthews
Talk Structure:
3. What ? A Case Study: Porta Fira Hotel, Barcelona
Building Outline
Name: Porta Fira
Application: Hotel
Surface: 34.700m2
Number of floors: 24
Height: 113m
Rooms: 345
Thanks for these Porta Fira details to Santiago Gonzalez and Daikin Spain
Reasons of selecting
VRV
1.Energy efficiency
2.Partial load
3.Multiple outdoors
4.Heat recovery
System outline
System Outline (VRV + AHU
+ chillers)
Outdoor(VRV): 74
Capacity VRV(kW): 2280
Indoor VRV (Qty): 664 ducted
Capacity chiller(kW): 1200
Engineers and Manufacturers working closely with the architects
Toyo Ito
NW Hot side
System outline (floor plan)
Individual system controls
Indoor per room
Opening window
N
SE Cooler side
Flexible system across floors
External skin of
Timber shading
Heat recovery VRV
Room layout can
Careful location of different room functions and matching with
Time, month and local micro-climate can significantly boost
Seasonal efficiency with intelligent patterns of occupation and controls
Centralized Control :
I-Manager enables fine tuning of occupied zones
Remote Predictive Maintenance: ACNSS
Centralized Control :
I-Manager – people can be located in cooler or warmer zones
Emporis skyscapers
Emporis collects data on
full life-cycle of a building,
from idea to demolition.
Porta Fira won the
Emporis Skyscraper
Award in 2010.
Porta Fira
Whole System Optimisation
•
•
•
•
Fault free operation – predictive diagnostics – Product
Load shift and shave peak loads – Control
Optimised zoning for energy minimisation - Planning
User choice – higher comfort levels – Behaviour
• Maximize use of ambient energy – Design
Eco Design
Whole System Thinking
Good Architect
Good Building
Flexible / Adaptable
21st C Buildings
Genuine Co-operation
from all involved
Pushes well beyond current Regulation Targets
Talk Structure:
4. Where to next ?
The Future is Closer than You Think
2C
warmer
1C
warmer
1860
1917 1952 1986
?
20th Century Buildings
Poor Climatic Design – Unaffordable – Without Cheap Energy
Fossil Fuel
Energy
throwing energy away
21st Century Buildings
Design for Occupants
Eco Design
Time
Solar
Energy
Space
Design with Climate
Architecture
Good Buildings