Transcript Radio and Reduction of GHG Emissions

Radio and Reduction of
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
Alexandre VASSILIEV
ITU, Radiocommunication Bureau (BR)
Radiocommunication Study Group Counsellor
BR Focal Point on Radiocommunications and
Climate Change
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
Radio and Minimizing GHG Emissions
Main directions/activities:
Minimizing GHG emissions from radio equipment/systems - The
use of advanced technologies, such as modern chips, coding and
compression technic, digital modulation allowed significantly
reduce power consumption per unit for almost all radio applications.
The use of radio-based devices/systems for reduction in other
sectors - Wireless devices, such as mobile phones are currently the
most common way of communications, which significantly reduce
commuting and travelling. Radio, in many cases, is the most
economically valuable solution of the “last mile” problem.
“Dematerialization” through the use of radio equipment/systems –
The use of radio technologies, for example satellite systems, paves
the way for Internet access from remote areas and allows to apply
paperless working methods, switch from physical distribution DVDs
and CDs to online delivery.
Global Monitoring Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Radio-based
devices called remote sensors are the main tool for the global
monitoring of GHG emissions.
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ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
Radio-based Devices and CO2 Emissions
It seems that radio-based devices are the most used
telecommunication devices. According to the recent
statistics there are currently in use:
• more than 4 billions mobile phones;
• ~ 2.5 billions radios;
• ~1.5 billions TV sets;
• plus many set-top boxes, Wi-Fi cards, powerful
broadcasting transmitters, etc.
Source: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2009/index.html and
http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/med_tel-media-televisions
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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Source: Kumar, Rakesh and Mieritz, Lars (2007)
“Conceptualizing “Green IT” and data centre
power and cooling issues”
2-2.5 % ICT global CO2 emissions from ICTs –
Is everything included?
The ICT Sector itself
(excluding the
broadcasting sector)
contributes between
2-2.5 per cent of GHG.
Emissions from most radio devices (TV sets, broadcasting transmitters,
etc.) except mobile phones are not taken into account. Are they
significant? Let’s try calculate…
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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TV and Set Top Box Energy Consumption
Usage
Per use
Cost per
year
kg CO2
per year
Primary TV – CRT
(Cathode Ray Tube)
34-37 inch
On Power 6.5 hours a day
198.5 W
£47.09
203
Standby 17.5 hours a day
4.2 W
£2.68
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Primary TV – LCD 3437 inch
On Power 6.5 hours a day
211.1 W
£50.08
215
Standby 17.5 hours a day
1.8 W
£1.15
5
Primary TV - Plasma
34-37 inch
On Power 6.5 hours a day
263.9 W
£62.61
269
Standby 17.5 hours a day
3.6 W
£2.30
10
Primary TV – Rear
projection
34-37 inch
On Power 6.5 hours a day
192.3 W
£45.62
196
Standby 17.5 hours a day
2.0 W
£1.28
5
Digital TV Adapter,
Terrestrial
On Power 6.5 hours a day
7.1W
£1.68
7
Standby 17.5 hours a day
6.4 W
£4.09
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Digital TV Adapter,
Terrestrial – Recorder
On Power 6.5 hours a day
17.6 W
£4.18
18
Standby 17.5 hours a day
11.3 W
£7.22
http://www.carbonfootprint.com/energyconsumption.html
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Appliance
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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TV Sets Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Optimistic estimation could be done using the following
values:
TV set power consumption: 0.21 kW;
On power usage: 6.5 hours a day (based on UK statistics
see the previous slide).
Then power average:
P=0.21×1 500 000 000×6.5/24=85 312 500 kW
Using a coefficient 0.4 kG per 1 kW/hour from a draft
Deliverable 1 and calculating for 365 days and 24 hours:
85 312 500×365×24×0.4=298935000000 Kg CO2
298.9 million tonnes carbon dioxide! Almost the same as
data centres CO2 footprint1!
What about footpring of set-top boxes, radios, DVDs,
VCRs, powerful transmitters???
1
Source:
http://www.theclimategroup.org/assets/resources/publications/Smart2020Report.pdf
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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Minimizing GHG Emissions by
Introducing New Radio Technologies
An impressive example in this area is a digital broadcasting
Plan GE06 developed by Regional Radiocommunication
Conference 2006 for 120 countries.
GE06 Plan envisages:
 reduction (by almost 10 times) in transmitter power due to
the use of digital modulation. There are hundreds of
thousands of transmitters around the world with power of up
to 100-150 kW each. The resulting energy saving is very
significant;
 possible reduction number of transmitters due to the
transmitting up to 10 TV programmes in one 8 MHz channel
instead of 1 TV programme per channel.
GE06 Plan is based on ITU-R and ITU-T standards (ITU-R
and ITU-T Recommendations).
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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Minimizing GHG Emissions – Standardization
Regulations (samples)
• IEC 62087 standard - the world's International
standard for measuring the energy efficiency of the
latest generation of plasma and LCD televisions and
other devices such as cable set-top boxes;
• European Commission submitted to EU Parliament a
report “on mobilising Information and
Communication Technologies to facilitate the
transition to an energy-efficient, low-carbon economy”
expecting to reap from EU legislation on smart
technologies including radio technologies to
tackle climate change (see at:
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/sustainable_growt
h/docs/com_2009_111/com2009-111-en.pdf).
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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Minimizing TV CO2 Emissions - Labeling
Labeling environment-friendly TVs is another way of
minimizing emissions. Some samples:
Energy Star programme:
• based on IEC 62087 standard;
• sets thresholds that would permit about 25% of the
TVs on the market to receive the Energy Star label.
LCD TV Association “Green TV” programme:
• based on IEC 62087 standard;
• sets the energy consumption thresholds of TV sets,
regardless of technology;
• requires incorporation of advanced features such as
ambient light sensors and boosting efficiency;
• takes account number of recyclable parts.
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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Reduction of GHG Emissions by Mobile
Radiocommunications
Main methods:
• Sustainable energy use based on:
 use of radio standby mode – power consumption can be
reduced up to 40% under low traffic and by 10-20% on
overall;
 optimization of remote radio units by moving RF
converters and power amplifiers from the base to top of
the tower – reduction up to 30%;
 use of advanced air conditioners and/or passive cooling
systems – 10-15%, etc.
• Use of green energy – solar panels, wind turbines, etc.
These measures in combination with optimal network design
and “smart” antennas will allow to reduce cellular
radiocommunication network CO2 footprint by ~ 50%.
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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ITU-R Activities in Minimizing Power
Consumption
• The World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRCs)
facilitate the use of less power hungry radio technologies
by incorporating the most efficient ones in the Radio
Regulations – international treaty status standard.
• WRCs also abolish the use of outdated radio-based
applications and systems on international level.
• ITU-R Study Groups carries out analyses and approve
ITU-R Recommendation allowing the use of the most
environment-friendly methods, applications and
systems.
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“Dematerialization” and Radio
In terms of technologies for reducing carbon emission, the
use of radiocommunications as a part of
telecommunication infrastructure provides means for:
• reducing business travels by “virtual presence”
(teleconferences) and working at home using remote
access tools;
• online publications of documents;
• use Internet and specifically IPTV instead of
DVDs/CDs;
• using e-commerce to reduce shopping trips;
• online billing (to save on paper bills), etc.
However, radio, in certain extend, is the next step in
dematerialization – it “dematerializes” wires.
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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ITU-R and “Dematerialization” and Remote
Wireless Collaboration
The work of ITU-R Study Groups 4, 5 and 6, on
multimedia, is of particular importance, notably in
terms of standards for remote wireless collaboration,
such as the BO, M, S Series of ITU-R
Recommendations on wireless audiovisual and
multimedia systems, including video-conferencing,
which provides means for people to collaborate/work
at a distance without needing to travel (ITU-T’s also
develops Recommendations on multimedia).
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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Climate Neutral ITU – Radiocommunication
Sector Role
ITU-R and its predecessor IFRB were pioneers in application
of electronic methods since 80-th. Few examples:
• voluminous ITU-R service publications, distributed to all
ITU-R Member States on weekly bases, are published on
DVD and Internet, that significantly reduced the amount of
paper (1 space networks data – up to 1000 pages);
• WRCs - the biggest ITU forums, are switching to paperless
methods of work and reduced number of paper copies.
WRC-07, attended by more than 2800 participants, saved
several millions pages of paper;
• Publication of maritime Service Publications in electronic
form from 2011 (Res. 335 (WRC-07)) will save about 300
tons of paper per year and reduce the carbon emissions from
transporting paper copies;
• All frequency assignment data (several millions) are
available through electronic means.
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ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
Radio and Environment Information
Most of people think that the radio frequencies are
used for radiocommunications. However, radio emissions
are also used for obtaining information about the
environment with which they have been in contact.
Environmental information, including climate
monitoring data, is currently being obtained by special
measuring instruments called remote sensors.
Remote sensors (passive and active) are radio devices,
that derive environmental information by analyzing the
characteristics of received radio waves.
Space-based remote sensors are the only tools
that provide environmental data on a long term,
repetitive and global scale.
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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Remote Sensing for Climate and CO2
Monitoring
CO2 global map July 2008 - in
parts per million by volume.
Altimeters identify a change of
the sea level with precision of
2 to 3 cm.
Modern tools measure the
sea surface temperature with
an accuracy of up to 0.2 C.
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ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
launched the Greenhouse Gases
Observing Satellite "IBUKI“
(GOSAT) on January 23, 2009.
The data are acquired by
the onboard sensor.
Current ground observation
points: ~ 260 (on the left)
GOSAT's observation points:
56000
Source: http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/imgdata/topics/2009/tp090319.html
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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ITU-R and Environment Monitoring
As the steward of the global framework for spectrum,
ITU-R:
through World Radiocommunication Conferences
(WRC) allocates the radio-frequency spectrum;
carries out studies and develops
radiocommunication standards:
 treaty status Radio Regulations– 4 volumes;
 voluntary standards (ITU-R Recommendations –
particularly in ITU-R Study Group 7 (Science
services));
to foster the operation without interference of radiobased applications and radiocommunication
systems used for environment monitoring,
including greenhouse gases monitoring, weather
forecasting, disaster prediction, detection and
mitigation of negative effect of disasters.
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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ITU-R Recent Decisions and Publication
Related to Monitoring
- WRC-07 and Radiocommunication Assembly (RA-07) adopted a
number of Resolutions on studies related to remote-sensing,
which is a vital component in the science of climate change.
- ITU-R Recommendations on radiocommunication systems and
radio-based applications operating in Earth-exploration satellite,
meteorological-aids and meteorological satellite services, today
provide most of data for the Global Observing System (GOS) and
Global Climate Observing System (GCOS).
- ITU-R Study Group 7 (Science services) in cooperation with the
World Meteorological Organization produced WMO and ITU
Handbook on Use of Radio spectrum for meteorology: weather,
water and climate monitoring and prediction providing
information on development and a proper use
radiocommunication systems and radio-based technologies for
environment observation, climate control, weather forecasting
and natural and man-made disaster prediction, detection and
mitigation. – It is the first handbook in the ITU history signed by
the Secretary-Generals of two UN Agencies.
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ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
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Supplementary Slides/
Information on
ITU Radiocommunication Sector
(ITU-R) Activities/Standards
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Radiocommunication Study Groups
Res. ITU-R 4-5 of Radiocommunication Assembly 2007:
established 6 ITU-R Study Groups:
SG 1:
SG 3:
SG 4:
SG 5:
SG 6:
SG 7:
Spectrum management
Radiowave propagation
Satellite services
Terrestrial services
Broadcasting service
Science services
In addition:
CCV: Coordination Committee for
Vocabulary
CPM: Conference Preparatory Meeting
SC: Special Committee on regulatory
and procedural matters
http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/rsg
 >900 Recommendations
 “Standards” in areas of
spectrum management
and radio technology
 Result of consensus from
meetings of world-wide
experts
 Some referred to in RR
 Used by spectrum
planners and system
designers
Supported by Counsellors and
Assistants in Study Group
Department of BR
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ITU Symposium on ICTs and Climate Change Quito, Ecuador, 8-10 July 2009
Application of ITU-R Standards
The best samples:
• Radio Regulations – applied by all countries around
the World for international spectrum management;
• ITU-R Regional Agreements – applied by all country
parties of a given agreement (some countries are
parties of several Agreements/Plans);
• ITU-R M-Series Rec. – e.g. for land mobile service:
there are currently > 4 billions customers (more than
50% people on the Earth) using mobile phones built
in accordance with ITU-R Rec.;
• ITU-R BT&BR-Series Rec. – used for broadcasting
(TV and sound). There are more than 1.5 billions TV
sets based on ITU-R standards;
• ITU-R standards for the use of radiocommunication
services/systems for emergency situations;
• etc..
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ITU-R Publications
• BR International Frequency
Information Circular (IFIC) –
terrestrial and space services
• Space Radiocommunication Stations
on DVD-ROM
• Radio Regulations
• electronic file (WinWord, PDF)
• CD-ROM
• paper
• Service documents
• ITU-R Recommendations
 online subscriptions
 CD-ROM
 paper
• Handbooks, etc.
http://www.itu.int/publications
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ITU-R Recommendation series
BO:
BR:
BS:
BT:
F:
M:
P:
RA:
RS:
S:
SA:
SF:
SM:
SNG:
TF:
V:
Satellite delivery
Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for
television
Broadcasting service (sound)
Broadcasting service (television)
Fixed service
Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite
services
Radiowave propagation
Radio astronomy
Remote sensing systems
Fixed-satellite service
Space applications and meteorology
Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite
and fixed service systems
Spectrum management
Satellite news gathering
Time signals and frequency standards emissions
Vocabulary and related subjects
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Some ITU-R Web Pages
Main ITU-R Web page:
 http://www.itu.int/ITU-R
Terrestrial Services: http://www.itu.int/ITUR/terrestrial
Space Services: http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/space
Study Groups: http://www.itu.int/ITUR/index.asp?category=studygroups&rlink=rsg&lang=en
ITU-R Publications:
http://www.itu.int/publications/sector.aspx?sector
=1&lang=en
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