Transcript Economic and Social Development Department

Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Gender, Climate Change and
Sustainable Intensification: major
research challenges
Eve Crowley, Deputy Director
Yianna Lambrou, Senior Officer
Marja-Liisa Tapio-Bistrom, Senior Officer
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
CCFAS, Bonn 10-11 June 2011
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Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Women are a key resource in
agriculture and CC adaptation
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
Source: ILO.
Share of employed population by sector and gender
Economic and Social Development Department
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
But they control less land
Bolivia
Ecuador
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Panama
Banglades
Indonesia
Nepal
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
The State of
Ghana
Madagasc
Malawi
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Food and
Agriculture
Average farm size (ha)
Male-headed households
Female-headed households
2010-11
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Women farmers produce less per
unit of land...
Percentage
Sorghum
Vegetables
All crops
0
-5
-10
-21
-18
-15
-20
-41
-25
-30
The State of
-35
Food and
Agriculture
-40
-45
Gap between yields on male- and female-controlled plots in Burkina Faso
2010-11
Economic and Social Development Department
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
…because they use fewer inputs
(e.g. fertilizer)
Bolivia
Ecuador
Guatemala
Nicaragua
Panama
Bangladesh
Nepal
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
Ghana
Madagascar
Malawi
Nigeria
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Percentage of households using fertilizers
Male-headed households
Female-headed households
90
2010-11
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Economic and social gains from
closing the gender gap
 Productivity gains
• 20 to 30 percent on women’s farms
• 2.5 to 4 percent at national level
 Food security gains
• 12 to 17 percent reduction in the number of hungry
• 100 to 150 million people lifted out of hunger
 Broader economic and social gains
• Better health, nutrition and education outcomes for
children
• Builds human capital, which promotes economic
growth
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Main message
 Gender inequality imposes real costs on the
agricultural sector, food security, economic
growth and broader social welfare.
 Closing the gender gap is not just the right
thing to do:
• it makes economic sense
 Yet women’s lower inputs use means less
carbon emission/land conversion/petrol-based
inputs
• Can this model be scaled up as a basis for
sustainable intensification and climate change
adaptation
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Greater gender equality is critical for
climate-smart agriculture that yields
 sustainable increases in productivity
 resilience (adaptation)
 reduces/removes greenhouse gases
(mitigation) and
 enhances achievement of national food
security and development goals
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Gender differences mediate climate
impacts
 skills/knowledge about the environment, animals,
crops
• due to cultural values and experience roles/tasks
 vulnerability and impacts
• exposure to risk, opportunities,
• due to pre-existing inequalities (access to assets)
• can be more directly affected (if poor), because rely
more on natural resources
 response and adaptation strategies
• fewer options
• access to different coping strategies and safety nets
• thinner buffer, weaker resilience
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Social equality is also important
 Correlations (UNDP, HDI 2011):
• higher levels of carbon emissions and higher
levels of human development (especially
income) (also true for time series)
 Regions are affected differently (S. Saharan
Africa and Asia most affected by CC precipitation)
 Some countries have successfully reduced
social and economic inequalities and
environmental impacts simultaneously (Costa
Rica, Tunisia)
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Research principles
 Distinguish end users and their needs, involve
those who will sustain/implement projects from
the beginning
 Build on existing knowledge/institutions
 Consult both men and women in vulnerability
analysis, evaluations of methodologies,
participatory policy processes
The State of
 Incorporate gender-sensitive approaches in
service and information provision
Food and
Agriculture
 Set + track targets for women’s participation
2010-11
 Build in accountability for gender ($, M&E,
incentives, capacities)CCFAS, Bonn 10-11 June 2011
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Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Some existing gendered tools for CCAFS
 Generic toolkit to integrate gender into CC
research and planning (adapted SEAGA
methodology to address climate change, tested
Uganda, Bangladesh, Ghana) (FAO-CCAFS)
 Methodology to incorporate gender differences
in knowledge and coping strategies into longterm planning (tested India, FAO)
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
CCFAS, Bonn 10-11 June 2011
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Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Research challenges- Cross
ecosystem/community/aggregate
impact of women’s production systems
 Data needs:
• economics of climate smart practices, including
impacts of climate financing systems such as carbon
payments
• differentiated impacts and differentiated choices,
monitoring and measuring farmer resilience
(biophysical and socio-cultural) and changes in
farming practices and informal economy, impacts on
the 4 food security pillars
 Institutional needs:
• building transparency and good climate-agriculturefood security governance to buffer climate and market
volatility impacts
• financing options to fund mitigation mechanisms
Bonn 10-11 June 2011
• strengthening regionalCCFAS,
expertise/networks
+ capacities
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
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Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Research challenges- Community,
household
 Data needs
• management of climate related risks in
households at local, regional and national
levels
• impacts of climate smart agricultural
practices on both intra and inter household
food security
• best policies and practices to reduce gender
inequalities in access to rural resources,
services, decision making
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Research gaps- climate smart
sustainable intensification technologies
 harvesting, processing and supply chain
technologies and institutions that reduce losses
and waste and generate income for women
 best public services, infrastructure, domestic
energy and water technologies to free-up
women’s time and enhance income
 how best to scale up sustainable production
technologies which generate equal or greater
gains for women, while maintaining their
apparently comparatively low carbon foot print.
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11
Food and Agriculture
Organization of the
United Nations
Economic and Social Development Department
Thank you
www.fao.org
The State of
Food and
Agriculture
2010-11