Transcript Post-2012 Issues under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol

Upcoming Issues for COP 13 and
COP/MOP 3
______________
ECBI Regional Workshop
Bangkok, 2007
Prepared by M.J. Mace & presented by Ilona Millar
FIELD
London
5 agendas for Bali
• COP - Conference of the Parties
• COP/MOP - COP serving as the meeting of the
Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
• SBSTA - Subsidiary Body on Scientific and
Technical Advice
• SBI - Subsidiary Body on Implementation
• Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments
for Annex I Parties
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Presentation Outline
• Post-2012 Issues and Challenges
– Ad-hoc Working Group on developed country
commitments (AWG)
– Dialogue under the Convention
– Article 9
– Russian Proposal
• Upcoming Issues for COP 13 and COP/MOP 3
– SBSTA agenda items
– SBI agenda items (Convention and Protocol)
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Post-2012 Issues and Challenges
• Convention - aims to bring developed country GHG
emissions back to 1990 levels toward stabilisation of
concentrations
• Kyoto - aims to reduce overall developed country
emissions by about 5% below 1990 levels over ‘first
commitment period’ 2008-2012
• Kyoto anticipates ‘subsequent’ commitment
periods, but does not specify duration or goal
• How to select a level of ambition for Kyoto Parties?
• How can the Convention also drive reductions and
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address impacts
• Clearly major reductions are needed
– IPCC 1995: stabilisation of CO2 requires an immediate
reduction of 50-70% and further reductions thereafter
– IPCC 2001: GHGs need to be reduced to ‘a very small
fraction of current emissions’
– IPCC 2007: it is more than 90% likely that mankind’s
activities were the main cause of warming over the last
50 years
• Impacts of climate change already being seen, yet
emissions continue to trend upwards
• Global atmospheric concentration of CO2 has
increased from a pre-industrial (~1750) value of
about 280 ppm to 379 ppm in 2005
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Selected Annex I Emission Trends
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Composition of Annex I Trends
FCCC/SBI/2006/26
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Developing Country Contributions?
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Whose emissions are increasing fastest?
BBC News – Climate Change: The Big Emitters, 4 July 2005
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Projected development of GHG
emissions around the world (60 years)
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Political challenges
• Some developed country Convention Parties
with major emissions have decided not to ratify
Kyoto Protocol – and thus are not working within
a target (US, Australia)
- US was 36% of industrialised emissions in 1990
• Some developing countries that have ratified
Kyoto do not have targets but have rapidly
increasing emissions (e.g., China).
- China is the world’s second largest polluter
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Two processes established to address
future commitments
•
Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group (AWG)
–
–
•
Open to all Parties
Considers future commitments for Annex I Parties
Dialogue on long-term cooperative action to
address climate change by enhancing
implementation of the Convention
–
–
Open to all Parties
Considers cooperative action to promote existing global
agreement under UNFCCC
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1. Ad Hoc Working Group on Article 3.9
• Tasked to consider further commitments for Annex I
Parties beyond 2012 under the KP
• Aims to complete work as early as possible, to ensure no
gap between first and second commitment periods
• Has now met four times May 2006, Dec. 2006, May
2007, Aug. 2007; AWG4 will resume at COP/MOP 3
• Discussed written submissions of Parties, oral statements
• Considered a process for its future work
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2. Dialogue on long-term cooperative
action to enhance implementation of the
Convention
• 4 workshops, beginning May 2006
• Exchange of experiences, strategic approaches for
long-term cooperative action on:
(1) advancing development goals in a sustainable way;
(2) addressing action on adaptation;
(3) realising the full potential of technology;
(4) realising the full potential of market-based opportunities.
• Informed by best available scientific information.
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Forum was designed to:
– identify actions to promote research, development and
deployment of cleaner technologies;
– identify ways to support voluntary actions by developing
countries
– identify ways to promote access by developing countries to
climate-friendly technologies and technologies for
adaptation.
Open and non-binding discussion, held ‘without prejudice to
any future negotiations, commitments, process, framework
or mandate under the Convention.’
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Results to date:
•
•
•
•
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Far ranging discussions, constructive atmosphere
Last of four workshops held in Vienna in August 2007
First Co-facilitators’ report produced for COP-12
Second Report will be produced for COP-13.
Dialogue Working Paper 8:
• ‘Report on analysis of existing and potential investment and financial
flows relevant to the development of an effective and appropriate
international response to climate change’ - input to 4th workshop
• October 31 – secretariat to convene workshop to build upon
report and ideas expressed in Dialogue
• Parties to consider whether/how to continue the Dialogue
or to convert it into formal negotiations
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Second review of the Kyoto Protocol
pursuant to its Article 9 (COP/MOP 11)
• Parties are to periodically review the Protocol in light of best
available scientific information on climate change and its
impacts, and take appropriate action
• First review completed at COP/MOP 2
• Second review to take place at COP/MOP 4 (2008)
• Submissions of views on how to carry out this review, and
scope and content of this review (due by 17 August, 2007)
• Parties to consider scope and content of review, and process
for preparing for review.
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Russian Proposal (COP/MOP 2)
• COP/MOP 2 requested its President to convene a
workshop in May 2007 to clarify and explore the
implications of the Russian proposal – that
appropriate procedures be developed to enable
Kyoto Parties to adopt voluntary commitments
• Parties to consider the report (FCCC/KP/CMP/
2007/INF.2)
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Upcoming Issues for
COP 13 and COP/MOP 3
Subsidiary Body on Scientific and
Technical Advice (SBSTA)
Subsidiary Body on
Implementation (SBI)
SBSTA Issues
• Nairobi Work Programme on impacts, vulnerability and
adaptation to climate change
• Technology Transfer
• Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
• Research and Systematic Observation
• Methodological Issues
– GHG Inventories
– GHG Data interface
– Bunker fuels
• Scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of
mitigation
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1. Nairobi Work Programme on Impacts,
Vulnerability and Adaptation to
Climate Change (SBSTA 3)
Secretariat to report on progress made in implementing NWP
• 6 synthesis reports on submissions made thus far
–
•
Adaptation planning and practices; Methods and tools; Economic
diversification; Data and observations; Climate modelling, scenarios
and downscaling; Socio-economic information
2 workshop Reports
–
–
Cairo Workshop – climate related risks and extreme events
Rome Workshop – adaptation planning and preparedness
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• Submission of views of Parties by 21 September
on possible need for a group of experts and the
role that they could have in the implementation
and further development of the Nairobi work
programme.
• Compilation of these views will be considered by
SBSTA with a view to recommendations, as
appropriate.
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2. Technology Transfer (SBSTA 4)
• Draft negotiating text (FCCC/SBSTA/4, annex I)
• Difference of opinion on whether a new fund and structure should be
created
• Umbrella Group, EU favour strengthening existing TT framework and
EGTT
• G77 and China seeks new body (TDTB) and new fund (MTAF)
• Consider workshop report and paper on good practices in
conducting technology needs assessments (TNAs)
• Consider annual report of the EGTT
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3. Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation (SBSTA 5)
• Issue first raised in July 2005
• Two workshops held since that time (Rome 2006, Cairns
2007)
• Draft negotiating text (FCCC/SBSTA/2007/4, Annex III)
• Parties invited to submit views by on further steps under the
Convention related to reducing emissions from
deforestation in developing countries: approaches to
stimulate action (by 15 August 2007)
• Differences of opinion remain on pilot activities, mobilizing
resources, future methodological work
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4. Research and Systematic Observation
(SBSTA 6)
• Revision of UNFCCC reporting guidelines on global
climate change observing systems (GCOS)
(FCCC/CP/1999/7, paras. 101-108)
– GCOS Secretariat has submitted a proposal and will submit an
update to this proposal (FCCC/SBSTA/2006/MISC.12 and
MISC.26)
• SBSTA to consider progress reports from the Global
Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) on development of
guidance materials, standards and reporting guidelines for
various climate variables in terrestrial domain
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5. Other Issues
• Fourth Assessment Report (SBSTA 7)
– In-depth briefing at Subsidiary Bodies Session
– Parties to consider how the findings of AR4 could
contribute to ongoing work under the UNFCCC process
• Methodological issues under Convention
(SBSTA 8):
– Annual Report on Technical review of AI GHG
Inventories
– GHG Data Interface
– Emissions from fuels used in international aviation and
maritime transport
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Other Issues (cont’d)
• Methodological issues under Kyoto Protocol
(SBSTA 9):
– Implications of new HCFC-22 facilities seeking to
obtain CERs from destruction of HFC-23
– Implications of possible changes to the limit for smallscale afforestation and reforestation CDM project
activities
– Carbon capture and storage (CCS) as CDM project
activities
– Good practice guidance for LULUCF activities
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SBI Issues - Convention
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•
•
•
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Annex I National Communications
Non-Annex I National Communications
Financial Mechanism of the Convention
Article 6 – Education, Training and Public Awareness
Implementation of Article 4.8
– Special needs and concerns of developing country Parties
– Matters relating to Least Developed Countries
• Capacity Building under the Convention
• Annex I Reporting and Review
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1. National Communications from
Developed Countries (SBI 3)
• Status of reporting of Annex I Fourth National
Communications
• Status of in-depth reviews of 4NCs
• Synthesis Report requested at COP 11
– Inventory data and trends
– Information on other commitments under the
Convention (e.g., financial resources, technology
transfer, vulnerability, adaptation
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2. National Communications from
Developing Countries (SBI 4)
• Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) on Non-Annex I
National Communications
– SBI to review mandate and terms of reference
• Review CGE recommendations on how to integrate
findings of NAPAs into next national communications.
• Consider process on how to consider information
contained in developing country national communications
• Financial and technical support for preparation of national
communications - consider views of Parties
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3. Financial Mechanism - Convention
(SBI 5)
• Every 4 years, there is a review of the Global Environment Facility
(the ‘financial mechanism’ for the Convention)
– Guidelines for review in 3/CP.4, plus 2 documents:
– Report on assessment of funding needed to assist developing countries in
meeting their commitments under the Convention over the next GEF
replenishment cycle
– Report on experience of international finance institutions and multilateral
financial institutions relevant to addressing future investment and financial
needs of developing countries
• Report of the GEF and give Guidance to the GEF
– Views and recommendations on funding available in the climate change
focal area
– Guidance to the GEF
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4. Article 6 – Education, training and
public awareness (SBI 6)
• Parties will consider extension and adaptation of the New
Delhi work programme on Article 6 of the Convention, to
address gaps and needed identified by Parties.
• Parties will consider written views of Parties that have been
made on possible elements of a work programme to succeed
the New Delhi WP, with a view to recommending a draft
decision on a new or enhanced WP for adoption at COP 13.
• Secretariat will present a survey and evaluation report of the
prototype information network clearing house (CCiNet) for
consideration at SBI 27.
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5. Implementation of Articles 4.8
and 4.9 (SBI 7)
• Article 4.8 addresses actions needed to meet the specific needs and
concerns of developing country Parties arising from the adverse effects
of climate change and/or the impact of the implementation of response
measures,
• includes actions related to funding, insurance and technology transfer
• 6 workshops have been held: 3 regional workshops, 1 expert
workshop for small island States, 1 expert workshop on economic
diversification, and 1expert workshop on modelling and financial risk
management (response measures)
• SBI to continue negotiations on a 2-part decision, addressing
– the direct impacts of climate change
– the impacts on developing countries of measures taken to reduce
emissions in developed countries.
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Matters related to Least Developed
Countries (Article 4.9) (SBI 7b)
• SBI will review
– Progress and need for continuation of the Least
Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG)
– Possible new terms of reference for the group.
• SBI also to review
– 2006-2007 work programme
– outcome of stocktaking meeting on preparation and
implementation of NAPAs
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6. Capacity Building under the
Convention (SBI 8)
• SBI to consider a series of reports on activities undertaken
to implement the framework on capacity building
– Summary of information on activities taken to implement 2/CP.7
and 2/CP.10 (gaps, needs, experiences, lessons learned)
– Report from the GEF on its progress in supporting the CB
framework
– Synthesis document, on implementation of the framework, based
on the submissions of views, National Capacity Self Assessments,
Technology Needs Assessments, NAPAs and submissions
– Report from the expert workshop on monitoring and evaluation of
capacity building
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SBI Issues – Kyoto Protocol
•
•
•
•
•
•
Annex I Party Reporting and Review
Adaptation Fund
Capacity Building under the Kyoto Protocol
Article 3.14 – impact of response measures
International Transactions Log
Amendment of the Kyoto Protocol – Compliance
Procedures and Mechanisms
• Other Matters
– Privileges and Immunities
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1. Annex I Reporting and Review
(SBI 9, KP)
• Supplementary information provided by Parties to
demonstrate compliance with Kyoto obligations (KP Art.
7.2)
• Review of initial reports and supplementary information
– Calculation of assigned amount
– Demonstration of ability to account for emissions and assigned
amount
– 32 of 36 initial reviews of initial reports have been completed
• COP to provide guidance
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2. Adaptation Fund (SBI 10, KP)
• Draft negotiating text and accompanying paper
(FCCC/SBI/2007/15, Annexes I and II)
– Already addressed:
• eligibility criteria
• priority areas
• monetarization of CERs
– Unresolved: elements on institutional issues
– Consultation 29-30 November in Bali
– Difference of opinion on governance structure
• Negotiations to continue
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3. Capacity Building under the Kyoto
Protocol (SBI 11, KP)
• Submissions from Parties on actions taken on
capacity building in connection with the CDM
• Submission from multi-lateral and bilateral agencies
and private sector on their support for CB activities
• Parties to consider:
– synthesis report on implications of the framework for
capacity building
– Information from CDM Executive Board on activities
relating to regional distribution of CDM project activities.
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4. Matters relating to Article 3.14
(SBI 12, KP)
• Workshop held on ways to minimize the adverse social,
environmental and economic impacts on developing country
Parties of implementation of policies and measures by Annex
I Parties to achieve their quantified emission limitation or
reduction commitments
• Related to Article 2.3 under the Convention;
• Related to scientific, technical and socio-economic aspects of
mitigation under the Convention;
• Related to implementation of decision 1/CP.10 (response
measures)
• Parties to initiate consideration of workshop report
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5. International Transactions Log
(SBI 13, KP)
• Organisational arrangements, activities, resource requirements
of the ITL
• Annual Report of the ITL Administrator
• Issue: who bears the cost of the ITL? Parties using credits?
The Those with credits Submissions from Parties on actions
taken on capacity building in connection with the CDM
• Submission from multi-lateral and bilateral agencies and
private sector on their support for CB activities
• Parties to consider:
– synthesis report on implications of the framework for capacity
building
– Information from CDM Executive Board on activities relating to
regional distribution of CDM project activities.
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6. Privileges and Immunities for persons
serving on constituted bodies
(SBI 16, KP) (Other matters)
• Relates to people serving on CDM Executive Board, Compliance
Committee, Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee and
other bodies
• How to address situations in which legal action might be brought
against people serving on these bodies for decisions taken?
• 9/CMP.2 agreed that Executive Secretary would address these
matters in the short run, and investigate the possibility of insurance
• Many proposals on the table for ways to address the issue
• Disagreement on whether formal action is needed now, or can wait
for post-2012 package of agreements
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Thank you for your attention.
FIELD
www.field.org.uk
[email protected]
[email protected]
Tel: +44 20 7388-2117
Fax: +44 20 7388-2826
3 Endsleigh Street
London WC1H 0DD
United Kingdom
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