Transcript 2.2.09 CST - Center for Sustainable Technologies

Technological Contributions to Rural
Development-The CST (astra) experience
Centre for Sustainable Technologies
IISc
Though importance of S & T for rural India was appreciated as early in 1930s by
Mahatma Gandhi, S & T in Advanced Academic Institutions turned their attention
to this area only 1970s.
Most well-known effort is from IISc with its programme: Application of Science and
Technology to Rural Areas known as ASTRA.
Guiding Principles of ASTRA
Technological development is driven by societal demands
First step in technology development for rural masses is needs identification
through direct contact and translating needs to technological solutions
Technological solutions bound by constraints of user-acceptability and
sustainability
Amulya Reddy: CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 87,
NO. 7, 10 OCTOBER 2004
BROAD AREAS of Technological
Interventions
• Bioenergy Technologies
– Biomass gasification, biomethanation, improved
wood burning devices (cook stoves, driers, kilns,
etc.)
– Technology generation and transfer/dissemination
• Alternative building technologies
– Technology generation, training and
transfer/dissemination
• Defluoridation of Water & Sanitation Program
• Hazardous waste management
• .Forestry, sustainable biomass production and
climate change
Bio-Energy Activities
Early 1980’s - accepted a challenge to look into the energy needs of agricultural sector
through the route of bioenergy conversion by mainly focusing on:
– Improved stoves for meeting the cooking energy needs
– Biogas through bio-methanation route for meeting cooking and any small power
needs
What–it means
to gasification
the Countryto provide electricity or mechanical power to various rural
Biomass
• Based
on a analysis, total agro production of 415 million tons which totals to about
needs.
440 million tons of bio-residues in India.
• Accounting for current usage pattern there is surplus of 130 million tons of agro
residues that can realize a power of potential of 17000 MW.
• Further there are waste lands for bio resource development to address both
transportation and stationary applications
• Distributed power generation is the concepts using
– Captive generation, Micro grids, Hybrid systems
Bio-Energy Activities Biomass combustion – Fixed stoves
• ASTRA ole – a three pan stove based on standard
engineering principles
– Increasing the area of heat transfer using, Multi pans,
dipping the pan entirely, fins
– A chimney to remove the flue and create the draft
• Applications
• DOMESTIC COOKING (ASTRA OLE); LARGE - SCALE
COOKING BATH WATER HEATING ; ARECA
PROCESSING,
JAGGERY
MAKING;AYURVEDIC
MEDICINE, SILK REELING,DYEING OF YARNS;
STEAM DISTILLATION ,STEAM CURING OF LIMESTABILISED MUD BLOCKS,DRYING; TOBACCO
CURING;CRAMATION
• These stoves were disseminated
programs – over 1.5 million!
through
subsidy
Bio-Energy Activities Biomass combustion – Fixed stoves
Fuel-efficient ASTRA Stoves
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Motivation for development for technology
Conservation of fuel wood and biomass to save
deforestation; less time to be spent by women and
children to collect firewood, thus children can be
encouraged to attend school
Smokeless ness: thus avoiding ill effects of exposure to
smoke environment.
S & T component
Application of principles of combustion & heat transfer
Technology Dissemination
Through involvement of govt.agencies, NGO’s,
institutions. Entrepreneurs
Bottlenecks
Lack / not sufficient trained man power
Poor Market net-work
Needs more awareness
Wood Burning Devices
Technologies / Designs
Technology Transfer
Impacts
• Cook stoves: 1.55 • Fuelwood
million HH
conservation: 0.5
t/yr
Efficient smokeless • Bath stoves: 3300 •Improved quality of
life for 1.5 million
cook stoves
women
• Institutional
•Entrepreneurship
stoves: 4000
and employment
•Investment:
Rs.300 million
Agro-products
driers: spices, fruits, Driers: 1000
vegetables
• Enhanced economic
value of Agro-products
•Investment: Rs.27 mil
Bio-Energy Activities Biological Conversion
• The activity began with use of cow dung as the feed material to meet the energy
needs.
• Research at IISc has led to use other ligno-celluosic material as feed
– One reactor for wide biomass composition
– Low input energy, low biomass processing
– Wide VFA fluxes, slow methanogenesis,
– Feed stratification and floating,
– Create multiphase flow amidst changing form
– Ferment biomass even when afloat,
– Corrosion proof civil structure, gas-proofing
Major Achievements
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Leafy biomass and crop wastes up to 1.5 t/d-Over 15 systems
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Coffee waste water-75 operational units
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Municipal Solid Waste- 8 units built in 3 towns
Bio-Energy Activities Biological Conversion
BIOMETHANATION
Technologies / Designs
Community biogas for rural
electrification
– Optimized designs
Bioreactors for Coffee
effluent
•Multi-feed high rate
bioreactor process
Municipal solid waste
treatment
Biomass plants for cooking
•Solid phase and plug flow
processes.
Technology transfer
Impact/ Investment
•Reliable electricity in 17
villages
•No. of HH electrified 1800
•Inv. Rs.10 mil
No. of sites – 17
•Gas production for multiple
Capacity – 1700 kg end uses
COD/d, 92% removal •Effluent treatment 504,
000 litres per day
•Inv. Rs. 5 mil
No. of plants – 1
•Gas for multiple end uses
&
Capacity – 90m3
•Waste treatment
•1 town 50,000 population
On going –
•Gas for cooking for all HH
25 villages
•No. of HH = 2000
•Inv. Rs. 10 million
Village electrification
– 17 villages
Home lighting and
water supply
Thermo chemical conversion of
biomass
Process that converts solid
fuel to gaseous fuel
• Used in an internal
combustion engine for
power generation to
substitute fossil fuel
▫ Diesel engine – for dual fuel
application
▫ Gas engine – for single fuel
• Used in heat application
▫ Low temperature – drying,
etc
▫ High temperature – furnaces,
kilns, etc
• Combination of the above heat and power
Bio-Energy Activities
Bio-Energy Activities, Thermo-chemical Conversion
Scientific challenges addressed
– To ensure that tar and particulates are minimized, system elements are robust, multi-fuel capability
to avoid ash fusion and yet have good quality gas
– Producer gas engines for power generation
Typical applications
– Electricity generation , Village electrification, Captive power generation, Grid linked power
generation
– Thermal application, Low temperature (drying, etc., ), High temperature (furnaces, kilns, etc., )
At IISc (Open top down draft technology - distinctly different from other designs)
Technology package for agro residue as the fuel
– Power range 5 – 1000 kWe
– Both power and high quality thermal applications
– Over 500,000 hours of operational experience
– Gas cleaning system for turbo-charged engines
• High pressure gasification for micro-turbine
• About 6 MW electrical and 40 MW thermal
– Saving in excess of 25000 lts of oil per day
BIOMASS GASIFICATION
Technologies / Designs
Technology transfer
Impacts / investments
• Biomass gasifiers for
power generation
• Village electrification –
4
- Installed capacity
Village Elec. 145 kWe
• Capacity:
20 kW to 1000 kWe
• On-going village
electrification - 25
-100% HH
electrification
-2500 HH to be
electrified
• Industry captive power
and grid connected – 20
- Captive and grid
Power
2500 kW
- Inv. Rs. 120 mil
Thermal Gasifiers
Upto 5 MWth
Industrial application – 8 • 1 MW – 500 to 1 MWe
rating
Green and Sustainable Buildings
1. Motivation for development for technology
– Excessive contribution of the building sector towards GHG emissions
– Indiscriminate adoption of energy-intensive materials and practices
– Climatically unsuited designs – reliance on active (energy intensive) mechanisms
to maintain thermal comfort
– Inadequately harnessed and building-integrated solar energy
2. S & T component
– Scientifically validated guidelines for design and evaluation of thermal performance
of buildings in tropical and sub-tropical regions
– Extensive study into passive mechanisms of providing thermal comfort
– Building physics in Building/Façade integrated Photovoltaics’
3. Technology Dissemination
– Prototype demonstration
– Training and/or advanced diploma in ‘Sustainable Buildings’
– Publication of guidelines/monographs
4. Bottlenecks
– Inertia to accept change towards green building concepts
– Inadequate guidelines on design and material use
– Heavy dependence on energy intensive building materials and techniques
Green Building Technologies
Technologies/
designs
-Stabilized mud blocks
-Lime-Pozzolana
Cements
-Composite mortars
-Pre-cast and prefab roofs
-Ferro-cement roofs
-Masonry vaults and
domes
-Filler slab roofs
-Earthquake resistant
buildings
-Solar passive
architecture
Technology
transfer
Impact/
Investment
>12,000 buildings
nationally
Energy efficient &
improved buildings
>4000 buildings in
Gujarat after the
Bhuj earthquake
Homes for earth
quake victims
Training technology
carriers
Energy conservation
Environment
conservation
Trained
entrepreneurs,
employment
generation
Appropriate Sanitation
1. Motivation for development for technology
– Inadequate understanding of a societal sanitation approach
– Community acceptable designs
– Designs or technologies to suit diverse conditions of habitations and environment
– Sanitation designs/technologies in response to climate change and its consequent impacts
– Construction adopting local skills and materials
2. S & T component
– Systemic evaluation of a community’s sanitation approach
– Guidelines for structuring and organizing social issues determining appropriate sanitation
– Sanitation technologies adopting minimum water and effective neutralization of pathogens
– Compact designs for dense congested habitations such as slums
3. Technology Dissemination
– NGOs and SHGs
– Training and awareness programmers (institutional and community level)
– Enhance community participatory approach in identifying appropriate sanitation
– Publication of guidelines/monographs
4. Bottlenecks
– Diverse responses to acceptance/rejection of appropriate sanitation
– Appropriate sanitation more a social issue than technological
– Social acceptability – traditional beliefs
– Provision of urban image in sanitation for rural areas
Water Quality
Areas endemic to fluorosis in India
Endemic fluorosis is a
public problem in India
Almost 60-65 million
people drink fluoridecontaminated
groundwater.
The number affected by
fluorosis is estimated at
2.5-3.0 million.
70  100 % affected
40  70 % affected
10  40 % affected
Precipitation reaction:
Processing sludge
MgO + H2O + F- → Mg(OH)
2-yFy (1)
Field Photos at Yellodu
Sudhakar Rao-IISc
Sudhakar Rao-IISc
3.00
F in traeted water samples, mg/L
2.50
DDU 1-with electric stirrer
DDU 2-with electric stirrer
DDU 3-with manual stirrer
DDU 4-with manual stirrer
Untreated water quality
2.00
Permissible limit
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Treatment period, days
350
400
450
500
Defluoridation & Rural Sanitation
Technologies / Designs
Domestic
Defluoridation
Technology
Rural sanitation
program
Technology Transfer
Impacts
• 15 liters domestic
defluoridation units
• 100 liters
defluoridation units
•Health benefits for
rural people
drinking fluoridecontaminated water
•Improved life
quality
Under progress
• Improved
sanitation &
hygiene conditions
Climate Change and Forest Sector – Contributions to Science and Policy
Climate change is emerging as one of the most important scientific, technological
and policy challenges, globally and nationally. Pioneering work has been done
in the following areas of science and policy aspects of climate change and
forests at CST:
Greenhouse gas inventory methodology for forest and land use sectors:
Forest sector contributes to nearly 20% of the global CO2 emissions. Faculty of
CST has contributed to the development of IPCC methodology for GHG
Inventory for Land use, Land-use change and forest sector (IPCC, 2003) and
for GHG Inventory for Agriculture, Forest, Grassland and other land categories
(IPCC, 2006). The methods and guidelines developed are being used by all the
countries for estimation of GHG Inventory. CST has also estimated the GHG
Inventory for forest and land use sectors for India for submission to UN Climate
Convention.
Carbon sequestration potential of forest sector: CST has estimated the
mitigation potential of forest and land use sectors for India. The mitigation
potential estimates made by CST have been used in preparing the National
Climate Change Action Plan of Govt. of India. According to the estimates made,
the forest carbon sink in India will continue to increase till 2030. CST has also
contributed to the estimates of mitigation potential in the forest sector at the
global level, for the IPCC 2007 assessment.
Climate Change and Forest Sector – Contributions to Science and Policy
Impact of Climate change on forest sector: CST has made an assessment of
the likely impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems and biodiversity.
Studies have shown that 68-77% of the currently forested area is likely to
undergo change in vegetation type by 2085, adversely affecting the
biodiversity and forest ecological functions. The studies further showed that
the Net Primary Productivity of forest ecosystems is projected to increase by
70-100% due to CO2 fertilization, during the initial decades of the current
century. The findings of the CST studies are used in preparing the National
Greening Mission, under the National Climate Change Action Plan.
Forestry, Biomass Production, Climate
Change
• Developed and promoted mixed-spices forestry for
biodiversity conservation & sustained yields
• Developed Nursery practices manual for 100 tree
species
• Estimated Sustainable biomass production
potential for energy for India
----------------------------------------------------------• Climate change mitigation technologies, potential,
costs and projects
– Forestry
– Bioenergy technologies
– Renewable energy technologies
• Bioenergy for Rural India and Climate Change Mitigation: A
large project prepared by ASTRA,
– Funded by UNDP-GEF
– Implemented by Govt. of Karnataka
• Climate change science and policy making
CST Technologies in Rural
Development Programs
Rural Housing
Rural housing shortage figure in India at around 2.31 million (2002 estimate).
There are 10.31 million unserviceable kutcha houses requiring up-gradation in the
rural areas.
Drinking Water
Out of total of 15,07,349 rural habitations in the country, 74.39% (11,21,366 habitations)
are fully covered, 55,067 villages (2,20,165 habitations) remain uncovered.
Slippages= 2.8 lakh habitations due to:
 Sources going dry or lowering of the ground water table, Sources becoming quality
affected
 2,16,968 habitations are affected due to a variety of water quality problems
 excess fluoride, arsenic, salinity, iron, nitrate and multiple quality problems
Sanitation
In rural areas, only 21.9 percent of population has latrines within/attached to their
houses.
Open defecation continue to remain predominant form of sanitation for majority of
population in rural areas.
Current Government Initiatives
Ministry of Rural Development: (Govt of India)
Rural Housing : Indira Awaas Yojana
Rural Roads: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
Accelerated Rural Water Suppy Program
Central Rural Sanitation Program: (Total sanitation campaign):
Nirmal Gram Puraskar
Bharat Nirman: step taken towards strengthening the infrastructure in
six
areas
viz.
Housing,
Roads,
Electrification,
communication(Telephone), Drinking Water and Irrigation, with the
help of a plan to be implemented in four years, from 2005-06 to
2008-09.
Why has Technologies from CST/Academic Institutions not been significantly
adopted in Rural Development Programs at National Level
Are the Technologies Sound- The answer is YES as they have gone through the
rigorous process of Sustained R & D in laboratory, Peer Review In
Journals/Conferences and Technical Committee meetings, Extensive Field trials and
especially in case of building materials, Bio-Gas Technologies widely used by
private/semi-government players
Are the Technologies Scalable- Yes: Wide use of SMB Technology (12,000
buildings),1.5 million rural households are using the ASTRA wood burning devices
for cooking needs, adoption of biomass gasifiers for village electrification and
industries is resulting in a daily savings of about 30 tons of fossil fuel, thirty-five
biomethanation plants are converting bio-waste into useful biogas
Perhaps a dis-connect between S & T Fund Mangers, Academics and Policy Makers
in Government
Inadequate Awareness of the Technology Packages from Academic Institutions
How can the outputs of research in Sustainable/Rural Development
made relevant to Rural Development Programs
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Academic Institutions, S & T Fund Managers, be an integral part, at the
drawing board and implementation levels
Use ICT to create link between Academic Institutions, Government &
Stakeholders
If all players are together, Rural Society will behave like a sponge to R & D
outputs from academic Institutions
CST-NABARD Collaboration (Some Thoughts for MicroEnterprise model): Steps Envisaged
Create extensive awareness of technologies developed by
CST in rural areas through discussions, exhibits,
demonstrations at grama panchayat level.
Provide technical training for skill development in CST
technologies to motivated groups at CST field station, Ungra
village. The participants shall also be trained in need
assessment and identification, construction, operation &
maintenance, problem solving, market development etc.
Select candidates (resource persons) shall be supported to
establish their business centres at panchayat/villae level with
necessary technical support and hand holding in business
development, market building, etc
Monitoring these resource persons to deliver best performance
and meet people’s needs and in the process make their
enterprise economically sustainable.
CST Technologies that could be disseminated:
Fuel-efficient wood burning stoves for domestic and other
applications
Agro-processing Driers
Stabilized Mud Block (SMB) and allied building products
Biomass-based Bio-gas plants
Defluoridation water filters for treating fluoride contaminated drinking
water.
Biomass Gasifiers for thermal applications and electricity generation
Appropriate and improved sanitation approach and technologies.
Thank you