Transcript Scales - SlideBoom

Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
What is a scale and why do I need to
know about them?
If you have lessons
on an instrument
you probably played
scales regularly.
If you are taking
GCSE music or a
Music School Theory
exam you will need
to know about scales
and their
construction.
If you want to
compose music,
knowing about
scales will help you
develop your musical
ideas.
Knowing about
scales will help you
understand what
people mean when
they talk about key
changes and music
being in the ‘key’ of.
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
To get the most out of this software you
should
Have played scales before,
probably in instrumental lessons
or for a music exam.
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Understanding scales will
help your performance skills.
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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You should be composing your
own music either for exams or
for pleasure.
You will be able to apply
your new knowledge to
improve your compositions.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Learning Objectives
If you complete the full set of slides you
should be able to:
Explain how
semitones and tones
are used to construct
scales.
Recognise a variety
of different scales
e.g. Major, Minor,
Chromatic,
Pentatonic
Identify situations
where different
scales may be used.
Apply your new
knowledge to
improve your
listening, performing
and composing skills.
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
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information
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Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
How to use the learning:
Try to have a keyboard nearby to play and hear the notes
and see the relationships. You can play the scales on
another instrument, but keyboard is easiest to ‘see’ the
patterns on.
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
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information
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You will also need speakers or headphones for the computer
so that you can listen to the examples.
Scales
Contents
How to use the learning:
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
When you see this symbol there is a link to some more
in depth information about a subject.
Minor
This information may use more technical language.
Test
You do not need to click on the link to complete the
learning for this course.
Further
information
The information may help you develop a particular
interest or help you understand a subject more fully.
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Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
How to use the learning:
You do not need to complete the course in one go.
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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It is beneficial to do the course in short sections and then go
away and experiment with the information you have learned
by playing the scales on your own instrument or composing a
short piece.
You can also go back to sessions to revise a topic.
Use the links on the left, or the contents page to jump to
different sections of the course.
Scales
Contents
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
•
Tones and Semitones
Scales
• Semitones
• Tones
Pentatonic
•
Scales
•
Pentatonic
•
Chromatic
Minor
•
Major
Test
•
Minor
Chromatic
Major
• Harmonic
Further
information
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• Melodic
•
Test
•
Further information links
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Tones and
Semitones
If you can already explain what a semitone and tone are
and demonstrate them to a teacher, you can jump ahead
to the next section by clicking the ‘Jump to Scales’ button.
You can try the mini-test to check your learning.
• Semitones
• Tones
• Mini-test
Semitones
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Jump to Scales
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Semitones
Each octave in sound is divided up into twelve semitone
steps. On a keyboard you can see this as the smallest
distance from one note to the next:
C  C♯ =
semitone
EF=
semitone
B  B♭=
semitone
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
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information
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Find out more
about why the
octave is divided
into 12 equal parts
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Tones
A tone is two semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
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information
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CD
= tone
(C  C♯ D)
E  F♯
= tone
(E  F  F♯)
B♭ C
= tone
(B♭ B  C)
Scales
Mini-test
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
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information
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Are the following pairs of notes semitones or tones?
D and E
Semitone
Tone
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
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information
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Scales are a way of selecting the notes when you begin
composing. When you can choose any notes to make your
tune or accompaniment you can be overwhelmed with
choice. Choosing notes from just one scale helps to focus
your music.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
All musical cultures have their own scale patterns. Scale
patterns develop from the vocal styles and instrumental
techniques of different cultures so different scales have
emerged around the world.
Major
Minor
This course focuses on scales used in Western Classical
Music.
Test
Further
information
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Find out about
other scale
patterns around
the world
Scales
Contents
Scales
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
The different types of scales you will learn about are:
• Pentatonic
• Chromatic
Minor
• Major
Test
• Minor
Further
information
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Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Pentatonic
Scales
Pentatonic
The pentatonic scale is the simplest scale. It is found in
cultures all over the world.
Chromatic
The pentatonic scale has five notes.
Major
Minor
You can play the pentatonic scale just using the black notes
on a keyboard.
Test
Further
information
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Try playing a pentatonic scale
now. Start on the note F♯
and only play black notes.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Pentatonic
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
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information
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When you play the scale in order F♯, G♯, A♯, C♯, D♯ it
sounds quite Asian or Oriental, but many western songs
and tunes only use the Pentatonic scale.
Try playing ‘Mary had a Little Lamb’. Start on A♯.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Pentatonic
Scales
Pentatonic
Try to compose a tune of your own using the Pentatonic
scale.
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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In this video Bobby
McFerrin shows how
universal and intrinsic
the Pentatonic scale is
Youtube video
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Chromatic
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Chromatic means colourful.
The chromatic scale is one that plays all the semitones from
one note to the same note an octave higher.
Major
Minor
Test
This is the chromatic scale
starting on C
Further
information
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Try playing the scale starting on different notes.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Chromatic
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Chromatic scales are not usually used as the basis for composing
music. Instead chromatic notes and passages are added into
pieces to add colour and interest.
Debussy and other ‘Impressionist’ composers
at the end of the 19th century and the start of
the 20th century used the chromatic scale
extensively in their works.
You can listen to one of Debussy’s works which
uses a lot of chromaticism here
Youtube: La Mer “Play of the Waves”
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Find out more about a
composition technique
called serialism which
uses all 12 semitones.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Scales
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Well done!
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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You have completed the part of course about
Pentatonic and Chromatic scales
Finish this session now or continue to Major
scales?
Major Scales
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Major
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
In Western Music compositions are generally said to be in a
‘key’ that means they use a scale which starts on one of the
12 semitones (the starting note is often called the ‘key note’
or ‘tonic’.
‘Something’s
Coming’ on
Youtube
Test
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Something’s Coming, from West Side
Story (which features in some GCSE
courses) is written in the key of D major.
You can find out
more about the song
on the BBC Bitesize
site
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Major
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major scales are the most commonly
used to compose bright, happy confident
music.
Major
Minor
Listen to the major scale starting on C,
you will probably recognise the sound
pattern.
Test
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The major scale has the same notes going
up and coming down.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Major
Scales
Pentatonic
This is the major scale starting on E♭
Chromatic
This is the major scale starting on F♯
Major
You should notice that the pattern or shape of the scale is
the same, whatever note it starts on.
Minor
Test
Further
information
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This is because the pattern of tones and semitones is the
same each time.
Tone – Tone – Semitone – Tone – Tone – Tone – Semitone
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Major
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Follow the pattern in C major:
Tone – Tone – Semitone – Tone – Tone – Tone –Semitone
C
D
E
F
G
A
B
C
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Play the scale of C major on a keyboard noticing the tone and
semitone pattern
Scales
Contents
Major
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
E♭major:
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Tone – Tone –Semitone–Tone – Tone –
E♭
F
G A♭
B♭
C
Tone –Semitone
D
E♭
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Play the scale of E♭major on a keyboard noticing the tone and
semitone pattern
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Can you work out the notes for the scale of D major:
SemiSemiTone – Tone – tone –Tone – Tone – Tone – tone
D
D
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Use a keyboard to help. Does it sound like the other major
scales?
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Well done if you were correct!
SemiSemiTone – Tone – tone –Tone – Tone – Tone – tone
D
E
F♯ G
A
B
C♯ D
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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© 2012
Did you get it right? If you’re struggling with tones and
semitones, go back and review the lessons on tones and
semitones.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Major
Scales
Pentatonic
Major scales are usually associated with music that is happy,
positive and confident.
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Although each major scale has the same pattern of notes,
each scale has a subtle different feel to it. Some composers
have favourite scales. Some instruments are easier to play
in different keys. All these things will affect the scale or
‘key’ you choose to compose in.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Major
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
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information
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Although a piece of music will have a main or ‘home’ key or
scale, different sections of a piece may use different scales.
When you change and use a different scale or key part way
through a piece it is called a key-change. The correct musical
term is modulation.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Major
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
It is easy to spot the key change at the end of this XFactor winning song.
Major
The main part of the song is in the key of D major.
Minor
Test
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information
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There is a modulation (at around 3:05) and the last
chorus is in the key of E♭major
Youtube: Matt Cardle on X Factor
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Scales
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Well done!
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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You have completed the part of course about
Major scales
Finish this session now or continue to Minor
scales?
Minor Scales
Scales
Contents
Minor
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Each major scale has a related minor scale. To find the
related minor scale count down three semitones from the
first note of the major scale.
Major
The minor scale related to C is A minor
Minor
(C  B  B♭ A)
Test
Which minor scale is related to E major?
Further
information
Click here for the answer
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Scales
Contents
Minor
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Each major scale has a related minor scale. To find the
related minor scale count down three semitones from the
first note of the major scale.
Major
The minor scale related to C is A minor
Minor
(C  B  B♭ A)
Test
Further
information
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Which minor scale is related to E major?
The answer is C♯ (or D♭)
Did you get it right?
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Minor
Scales
Pentatonic
Minor scales are usually used in sad or thoughtful
compositions.
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Mozart’s Symphony No.
40 First movement on
Youtube (excerpt)
Test
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information
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The first movement of Mozart’s
Symphony No. 40 (which features in some
GCSE courses) is written in the key of G
minor.
You can find out
more about the
piece on the BBC
Bitesize site
Scales
Contents
Minor
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
The minor scale in Western music has two
forms.
• Harmonic Minor
• Melodic Minor
Test
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information
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They are very similar, but are used for
different purposes.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Harmonic Minor
Scales
Pentatonic
This is the harmonic minor scale starting on A
Chromatic
This is the harmonic minor scale starting on C
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Just like major scales the pattern of tones and semitones in
the harmonic minor scale is the same, whichever note the
scale starts on.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Harmonic Minor
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
In the harmonic minor scale the pattern is the same going
up and coming down.
Major
Tone – Semitone – Tone – Tone – Semitone – Augmented
2nd – Semitone
Minor
Notice the big augmented (aug) 2nd step.
Test
An augmented 2nd is a tone + a semitone.
Further
information
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Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Harmonic Minor
Follow the pattern in A harmonic minor:
SemiSemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – tone – Aug 2nd – tone
A
B
C
D
E
F
G♯ A
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Ruth Smalley
© 2012
Play the scale of A minor on a keyboard noticing the tone,
semitone and augmented 2nd pattern.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Harmonic Minor
Scales
C Harmonic Minor
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
SemiSemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – tone – Aug 2nd – tone
C
D E♭
F
G A♭
B
C
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Play the scale of C harmonic minor on a keyboard noticing the
tone, semitone and augmented 2nd pattern
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Harmonic Minor
Scales
Can you work out the notes for the scale of D harmonic minor?
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
SemiSemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone –tone – Aug 2nd – tone
D
D
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Use a keyboard to help. Does it sound like the other harmonic
minor scales?
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Harmonic Minor
Well done if you were correct!
D harmonic minor:
SemiSemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone –tone – Aug 2nd – tone
D
E
F
G
A B♭
C♯ D
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Ruth Smalley
© 2012
Did you get it right? If you’re struggling with tones and
semitones, go back and review the lessons on tones and
semitones.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Harmonic Minor
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
The harmonic variant of the minor scale is used, as it’s
name suggests, for developing chords and harmony.
The chord built on the 5th note of a scale is very important
in Western music. It is known as the ‘dominant chord’. To
make the chord built on the 5th note of a minor scale
function properly all the notes in the harmonic minor scale
are needed.
Test
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information
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However, the harmonic minor, with the augmented 2nd
sounds a bit awkward when composing melodies.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Melodic Minor
Scales
Pentatonic
The melodic minor, as it’s name suggests is used to create
tunes and melodies.
Chromatic
Major
It doesn’t have the awkward augmented 2nd step, but it has
different patterns going up and coming down so that tunes
can harmonise with different chords.
Minor
Test
This is the melodic minor scale starting on A
Further
information
This is the melodic minor scale starting on C
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Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Melodic Minor
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
The melodic minor rising pattern is
Tone – Semitone – Tone – Tone – Tone – Tone – Semitone
Major
The falling pattern is:
Minor
Tone – Tone – Semitone – Tone – Tone – Semitone – Tone
Test
Further
information
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© 2012
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Melodic Minor
Follow the pattern in A melodic minor rising :
SemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – Tone – Tone – tone
A
B
C
D
E
F♯
G♯ A
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Play the scale of A melodic minor rising noticing the pattern of
tones and semitones.
Developed by
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© 2012
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Melodic Minor
Follow the pattern in A melodic minor falling:
SemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – tone – Tone – Tone
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
A
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Play the scale of A melodic minor falling, remembering to start
on a high A. Notice the pattern of tones and semitones.
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© 2012
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Melodic Minor
Scales
C Melodic Minor rising
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
SemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – Tone – Tone – tone
C
D E♭
F
G
A
B
C
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Play the scale of C melodic minor rising on a keyboard noticing
the tone and semitone pattern
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Melodic Minor
Scales
C Melodic Minor falling
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
SemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – tone – Tone – Tone
C
D E♭
F
G
A♭
B♭
C
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Play the scale of C melodic minor falling, remembering to start
on a high C. Notice the pattern of tones and semitones.
Scales
Melodic Minor
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Can you work out the notes for the scale of D melodic minor
rising and falling?
Rising:
SemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – Tone – Tone – tone
Falling:
Minor
Test
Further
information
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SemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – tone – Tone – Tone
Scales
Melodic Minor
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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© 2012
Well done if you were you right!
Rising:
SemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – Tone – Tone – tone
D
E
F
G
A
B
C♯ D
Falling:
SemiSemiTone – tone – Tone – Tone – tone – Tone – Tone
D
E
F
G
A
B♭
C D
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Scales
Pentatonic
Key signatures appear at the start of a piece of music when it is
written down.
Chromatic
Major
The sharp and flat symbols indicate which scale or key the piece
is based in.
Minor
Test
Further
information
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This piece has 2 sharps: F♯ and C♯
This indicates the piece is in the key of D major
or B minor.
See a list of all keys
and their sharps
and flats.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Congratulations!
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Well done! You have finished this short course
about scales.
If you want to explore some of the ideas some
more, you can click on ‘Further information’ to
see all the extra links from the course, and a few
other interesting links.
If you want to test your knowledge you can try
the test.
Test
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© 2012
Visit Sound Junction – use the
Shockwave plug in to play around
with different scales (may not
work in Internet Explorer use
Firefox or Chrome instead.)
Scales
Test
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Question 1
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Listen to this scale. Is it –
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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Major
Minor
Chromatic
Scales
Test
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Question 2
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Listen to this scale. Is it –
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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© 2012
Major
Minor
Chromatic
Scales
Test
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Question 3
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Listen to this scale. Is it –
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
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© 2012
Major
Minor
Chromatic
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Test
Question 4
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Listen to this scale. Is it –
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Developed by
Ruth Smalley
© 2012
Harmonic Minor
Melodic Minor
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Test
Question 5
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Listen to this scale. Is it –
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Developed by
Ruth Smalley
© 2012
Harmonic Minor
Melodic Minor
Scales
Test
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Question 6
The pattern for a major scale is:
Tone – Tone – Semitone – Tone – Tone – Tone – Semitone
Major
What is the next note in the scale of G major
Minor
G A B C D E ?
Test
Further
information
G
Developed by
Ruth Smalley
© 2012
F♯
E♭
Scales
Test
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Question 7
The pattern for a harmonic minor scale is:
Tone – Semitone – Tone – Tone – Semitone – Augmented 2nd – Semitone
Major
What is the missing note in the scale of F Minor
Minor
F G A♭ B♭ C ?
E
F
Test
Further
information
D
Developed by
Ruth Smalley
© 2012
E♯
D♭
Scales
Test
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Question 8
Pentatonic
Chromatic
If you wanted to compose a happy, confident piece of music,
which scale would be more appropriate to choose?
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Developed by
Ruth Smalley
© 2012
Major
Minor
Chromatic
Scales
Test
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Question 9
Pentatonic
Chromatic
If you wanted to compose a sad, mournful piece of music,
which scale would be more appropriate to choose?
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Developed by
Ruth Smalley
© 2012
Major
Minor
Chromatic
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Test
Question 10
Stevie Wonder released an album in the
1970s called ‘Songs in the Key of Life’
Major
What key would a song about your life be in?
Minor
Choose a scale that fits your instrument and
your personality (major or minor) and write a
short piece using the notes of that scale.
Test
Further
information
Developed by
Ruth Smalley
© 2012
Perhaps you need more than one key to describe your life!
Ask your teacher how to ‘modulate’ or change key within a
piece of music.
Explain to your teacher why you chose the scale you did.
Scales
Contents
Tones &
Semitones
Scales
Pentatonic
Chromatic
Congratulations!
Well done! You have finished the test!
If you want to explore some of the ideas some more, you
can click on ‘Further information’ to see all the extra links
from the course, and a few other interesting links.
Major
Minor
Test
Further
information
Developed by
Ruth Smalley
© 2012
When you are listening to music try to spot what kind of
scale the music uses.
Experiment with scales from other times and cultures too!
Thank you for
completing this
course!