Transcript ZEP_163

CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS)
Contents
The Need for CO2 Capture and Storage
Reliance on Fossil Fuels
4
Largest CO2 Emitters
7
5
Addressing the Challenge
10
Inside CCS
12
CO2 Capture
13
CO2 Transport
Safely and Permanently Storing CO2
17
Monitoring Storage Sites
21
Rapid & Widespread Deployment
22
A Solution to Climate Change
24
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“CCS is an essential part
of the portfolio of technologies
needed to achieve substantial
global emissions reductions.”
International Energy Agency
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Why do we Need CO2 Capture
and Storage?
By 2050, global population will rise from
7 to 9 billion people
World energy demand is expected to increase
by 50% over the next 20 years
7
9
billion people
4
We Still Rely on Fossil Fuels
Today
Fossil fuels
(coal, gas and oil)
represent 80%
of the global energy mix
Renewables
only account for 13%
of our total energy supply
Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, 2009
World total primary
energy supply (2007)
Fossil Fuels
Renewables
13%
81.1%
Nuclear
5.9%
5
… and will Continue to do so
for Decades to Come
By 2030
Renewables
could make up 30%
of the global energy mix*
Estimated share of
renewables by 2030
30%
But fossil fuels will remain
our main source of energy
for decades to come
*Average taken across multiple estimates: IEA WEO 2008;
European Commission baseline scenario; German Ministry of Environment, EUROPROG
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Fossil Fuels Power
the Largest Emitters of
CO2
Fossil fuels power plants,
heavy industry and refineries
account for 52% of the world’s
current CO2 emissions
(15 billion tonnes CO2 emissions/year)
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…and too Much CO2 Leads to
Global
Warming
… which in turn, produces climate change
Unless the rise in average global
temperature is kept below 2°C, devastating
and irreversible climate changes will occur
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We need to cut
CO2 emissions
fast…
… as energy
consumption
continues to rise
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How do we Meet this Challenge?
By using a portfolio of solutions:
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CCS alone will provide
up to 20% of the CO2 emission
reductions we need
to make by 2050.
Here’s how it works...
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Inside CCS
We can capture
at least 90% of
emissions from
fixed emitters
We have been
transporting CO2
for decades
CO2 can be stored
safely and permanently
using natural trapping
mechanisms
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CO2 Capture
There are 3 technologies to capture CO2 :
Pre-combustion:
Where CO2 is captured before fuel is burned
Oxy-fuel:
Where CO2 is captured during fuel combustion
Post-combustion:
Where CO2 is captured after fuel has been burned
(This technology can also be retrofitted to existing power and industrial plants)
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Pre-combustion
CO2 is captured
before fuel is burned
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Oxy-fuel
CO2 is captured during
fuel combustion
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Post-combustion
CO2 is captured
after fuel has been burned
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CO2Transport
Once captured, the CO2 is compressed into a liquid
state and dehydrated for transport and storage
CO2 is preferably transported by pipeline
…or by ships when a storage site is too far from the
CCS capture plant
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Safely Storing CO2
We use a natural mechanism that has trapped CO2,
gas and oil for millions of years
Liquid CO2 is pumped deep underground into one
of two types of reservoirs:
•
•
deep saline aquifers (700m-3,000m)
depleted gas and oil fields (up to 5,000m)
Both types of reservoirs have a layer of porous rock to
absorb the CO2 and an impermeable layer of cap rock
to seal the porous layer
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Safely Storing CO2
The liquid CO2 is pumped deep
underground into one of two types of
CO2 storage reservoir (porous rock)
Cap rock
700m - 3,000m
Deep saline aquifer
Cap rock
up to 5,000m
Depleted oil and gas fields
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The Safety of Stored CO2
Increases Over Time
... due to 3 natural mechanisms
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2
3
Residual trapping
CO2 is trapped in tiny rock pores
and cannot move
Dissolution trapping
CO2 dissolves into surrounding
salt water
Mineral trapping
CO2-rich water sinks to the bottom
of the reservoir and reacts
to form minerals
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Monitoring CO2 Storage Sites
To ensure that a CO2 storage site functions as it should, a rigorous
monitoring process begins at the reservoir selection stage and
continues for as long as required
Monitoring continues even after a CO2 injection well is closed and
EU legislation requires that stored CO2 is kept safely and
permanently underground
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Rapid & Widespread
Deployment of CCS
We need to move from the successful small-scale
CCS projects in operation today to building 3,400
commercial-scale projects worldwide by 2050
if CCS is to provide 20% of the CO2 reductions needed*
3,400
*IEA –Technology Roadmap, Carbon capture and storage
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Commercially Viable by 2020
Enabling CCS to be commercially viable
by 2020 means validating the technology through
large-scale demonstration programmes that require:
1 sufficient and flexible funding
2 clear knowledge-sharing principles to maximise learnings
3 appropriate and comprehensive legislation
4 accelerated permitting processes
There is an urgent need to dramatically increase public
understanding and awareness of the technology through
CCS demonstration programmes
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A Portfolio of Solutions
Alongside more renewables and greater energy
efficiency, CO2 Capture and Storage will help us get
to the sustainable energy systems of the future
Our climate depends on it
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www.zeroemissionsplatform.eu