Transcript Impacts of climate change on livestock and meeting its

IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
LIVESTOCK AND MITIGATION
STRATEGIES
Kshitiz Shrestha
IAAS, Nepal
www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com
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Climate
Interaction
Specific atmospheric trend and pattern of particular
place determined by the interaction of Atmospheric
elements
Water vapour
Water
Rainfall
O2
CO2
Air
Others
Elements of
atmosphere
Snow,
Hailstone
Heat
Solar radiation/
Temperature
Winds
Cold
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Climate Change
Existing form
Quality, pattern
of climatic
elements
Natural,
Unavoidable,
Adaptable,
Slow
Changed
Climate
Abnormal,
Difficult to
adapt,
Avoidable,
Rapid
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Climate change is a
phenomenon due to
emissions of greenhouse
gases from fuel
combustion,
deforestation,
urbanization and
industrialization (Upreti,
1999) resulting variations
in solar energy,
temperature and
precipitation.
Between 1970 and
2004 global GHGs
emissions have
increased by 70 %
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Livestock : GHG emissions
• Livestock  18 % of GHGs
• The enteric fermentation of
animals,
• Manure (waste products),
• Production of feed and
forage
(Dourmad et al.,
2008).
• Indirect sources : changes in
land use and deforestation
to create pasture land.
N2O
CH4
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Climate change will have major impact on the people who
depend on livestock for their livelihoods (Thornton et al.,
2002).
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Climate Change and its Impacts in Nepal
• Approximately 0.06 degrees Celsius per year.
• Temperature in the Himalayas is increasing at a faster rate.
• The Rika Samba Glacier in the Dhaulagiri region is
retreating at a rate of 10m per year.
• The AX010 Glacier of Shorong Himal will be extinct by 2060
if the current trend continues.
• More than 40 Himalayan glacial lakes are dangerously
closed to bursting (UNEP).
• Rapidly melting glaciers means more seasonal variation in
river flow
water shortage, frequent floods and
draughts in the country.
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Direct And Indirect Impacts On
Livestock And Livestock Systems
A. Feeds: quantity and quality
• Herbage growth and quality
• Changes in composition of pasture
• Changing concentration
of water soluble carbohydrates
and N at given dry matter yields
• Lignifications of plant tissues
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…Impacts on livestock
B. Heat stress :
Feed intake, mortality, growth, reproduction,
maintenance and production
Increased energy deficits
C. Water :
Water scarcity
 Not only will affect livestock drinking water
sources, but it will also have a bearing on livestock
feed production systems and pasture yield
(Thornton et al., 2008)
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…Impacts on livestock
D. Livestock diseases and disease vectors
• Vector-borne diseases could be affected by:
(i) Expansion of vector populations into
more temperate zones (such as livestock
tick-borne diseases in higher altitude
areas).
(ii) Changes in rainfall pattern during wetter
years, which could also lead to expanding
vector populations and large-scale
outbreaks of disease.
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…Impacts on livestock
Livestock disease ….contd…
• Helminthes infections.
• Trypanotolerance- could be lost.
• Distribution and impact of malaria in
many systems.
• Schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis in
irrigated systems.
• Heat-related mortality and morbidity
could increase (Thornton et al., 2008).
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…Impacts on livestock
E. Biodiversity
• A 2.5° C rise in global temperature
high risk of extinction.
• Local and rare breeds could be lost
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Livestock Adaptation strategies
Breeding strategies
• Identifying and strengthening local breeds
– Adapted to local climatic stress and feed
sources
– Heat tolerant breeds
– Disease tolerant breeds
• Improving local genetics
– Cross-breeding
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…Adaptation strategies…
Capacity building for livestock keepers
• increasing awareness of global changes.
training in agro-ecological technologies and
practices for the production and conservation of
fodder
improves the supply of animal feed and reduces
malnutrition and mortality in herds.
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…Adaptation strategies…
Livestock management systems
Shade and water to reduce heat stress.
Reduction of livestock numbers – a lower
number of more productive animals leads to
more efficient production and lower GHG
emissions from livestock production (Batima,
2007).
Changes in herd composition (selection of large
animals rather than small)
Improved management of water resources
(e.g. drip and sprinkler irrigation, store
rainwater).
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Mitigation of livestock GHG emissions
Higher concentrate in the diet  lower the
emission of CH4.
Management of animal waste products
(covered storage facilities).
Pasture grazing through rotational grazing.
Management of feed crop production.
Selection of faster growing breeds.
Lowering livestock production and
consumption
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Take-home messages
• Participatory approaches to sustainable
management of natural resources
• Community involvement in adaptation strategies
• Financial incentives
• Risk management mechanisms
• Awareness and education
• Mitigation strategies
• Innovation, research and technology development
• Indigenous knowledge
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References
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture (CGRFA). 2007. The state of the
world animal genetic resources for food and
agriculture. FAO, Rome, 523 pp.
Dourmad, J., Rigolot, C., and Hayo van der Werf,
2008. Emission of Greenhouse Gas: Developing
management and animal farming systems to assist
mitigation. Livestock and Global Change
conference proceeding. May 2008, Tunisia.
FAO, 2008b. Climate-related Transboundary
Pests and Diseases Including Relevant Aquatic
Species. Expert meeting,
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FAO. 2007b. Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture,
Forestry, and Fisheries: perspective, framework and priorities.
FAO, Rome.
Hahn, G.L. 1999. Dunamic Responses of cattle to thermal heat
loads. Journal of Animal Science. Vol.77, 10-20.
Hoffmann, I. 2008. Livestock Genetic Diversity and Climate
Change Adaptation. Livestock and Global Change conference
proceeding. May 2008, Tunisia.
Sidahmed, A. 2008. Livestock and Climate Change: Coping and
Risk Management Strategies for a Sustainable Future. In Livestock
and Global Climate Change conference proceeding, May 2008,
Tunisia.
Thornton P., Herrero M., Freeman A., Mwai O., Rege E., Jones P.,
and McDermott J., 2008. “Vulnerability, Climate Change and
Livestock – Research Opportunities and Challenges for Poverty
Alleviation”. ILRI, Kenya.
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