Transcript CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPING NATIONS - e-Parl

Climate change and
developing nations
Discussion by
DR. KWAME AMPOFO (MP)
Parliament of Ghana
www.e-parl.net
Order of discussion
 Brief Background
 Effect of climate change in Africa:
The case of Ghana
 Policy implications of climate change for
Africa
 The e-Parliament Amboseli Energy Hearing,
and some policy ideas
 The e-Parliament initiative
Brief Background
 Scientific evidence has linked greenhouse
gas emissions from human activities with
the risk of global climate change.
 The United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCC) was opened
for signature in Rio, June 1992
 Kyoto Protocol was adopted by the COP-3
in December 1997
Brief Background (…cont)
Objective of UNFCCC:
To achieve STABILIZATION of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
Anthropogenic Interference with the climate system.
Should be achieved within a Time-frame sufficient to allow
ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that
food production is not threatened, and to enable economic
development to proceed in sustainable manner.
Mechanisms of Kyoto:
Emissions Trading (ET)
Joint Implementation (JI)
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
The effects of climate change
on Africa
 African Countries are likely to suffer the most
from the impacts of Climate Change.
 Climate Change increases the vulnerability of
poor people by adversely affecting their Health
and livelihoods, thus undermining growth
opportunities.
 Climate Change will significantly aggravate water
stress, reduce food security, increase impacts
from extreme weather events, displace many
people (due to floods and sea level rise) and
potentially increase vector borne diseases.
The effects of climate change
on Africa (…cont)
 Natural Resources Productivity at risk and Biodiversity
might be irreversibly lost.
 Coastal Zones vulnerable to sea rise, particularly
roads, bridges, buildings, other infrastructure, etc.
 Exacerbation of desertification by changes in rainfall
and intensified land use.
 Decreased National income as a result of impacts of
climate change on cash crop production.
 Reduced Energy Production from hydro systems
The case of Ghana
 Increase of temperature of 1oC and rainfall reductions of
20-30% have already been observed.
 Temperature is expected to increase by 2-3oC in the
Savanna Zone.
 Rainfall and Water runoff are expected to decrease by
about 15-20% and 30-40% by 2050.
 Sea level rise will affect low-lying wetlands, in particular
the Volta Delta (about 1,000 km2 of land may be lost).
 Climate Change has serious adverse impacts on Human
Health.
 Tropical Diseases such as Malaria, CSM, Measles, Guinea
Worm and Diarrhoea have been shown by E. Ofori et al to
have higher incidence with climate change.
671840
669813
Increasing number of
malaria cases under
the current climatic
conditions
561111
700000
600000
Number of outpatient malaria cases
Annual distribution of
the number of
malaria cases:
671613
447504
370127
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
YEAR (1999 - 2004)
y = 422.38x + 31694
R2 = 0.4112
Increasing trend of
intra-annual incidence
of malaria
80000
70000
60000
50000
Jun-99
48013
Jun-00
55983
Aug-02
80323
May-01
60280
Jan-04
76705
Oct-03
68043
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Ja
n
Ap -9 9
r- 9
Ju 9
l
O -99
ct
Ja 99
nAp 0 0
r- 0
Ju 0
l
O -00
ct
Ja 00
nAp 0 1
r- 0
Ju 1
l
O -01
ct
Ja 01
nAp 0 2
r- 0
Ju 2
l
O -02
ct
Ja 02
nAp 0 3
r- 0
Ju 3
l
O -03
ct
Ja 03
nAp 0 4
r- 0
Ju 4
l
O -04
ct
-0
4
Linear trend of
monthly outpatient
malaria cases:
Number of Outpatient Malaria Cases
90000
Time (1999 - 2004)
400
80000
350
70000
300
60000
250
50000
200
40000
150
30000
100
20000
50
10000
0
0
Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct99 99 99 99 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04
Time (1999 - 2004)
Number of malaria cases
80000
Dec-01 Mar-02
0
23.6 C 23.50C
Mar-00
23.50C
Mar-99
22.90C
Mar-03
23.60C
Apr-04
23.50C
Mar-01
22.60C
70000
23
60000
50000
22
Mar-03
48380
Mar-99
37451
40000
30000
24
Mar-00
24552
Mar-01
39632
Dec-01
40463
Apr-04
50497
Mar-02
44671
21
20
20000
19
10000
0
18
Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct99 99 99 99 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04
Time (1999 - 2004)
Number of malaria cases
Minimum Temperature
Minimum air temperature
Generally high minimum
air temperature values
correspond to periods of
low number of malaria
cases and vice versa
90000
Number of outpatient malaria cases
Distribution of the
number malaria cases
and minimum air
temperature:
Rainfall Amount
Rainfall amount (mm)
Number of Outpatient Malaria Cases
Distribution of the
number of malaria
cases and rainfall
amount
90000
1000
Distribution of measles cases
and maximum air
temperature:
38.0
Mar-00
923
900
Number of Measles Cases
Generally, high cases occur at
high maximum air temp., and
low cases occur at low
maximum air temperature
34.0
Apr-02
664
Apr-02
32.90C
May-99
0
31.7 C
Mar-04
33.1
32.0
500
Mar-01
369
May-99
355
400
30.0
300
28.0
200
Mar-04
122
Mar-03
101
26.0
100
0
24.0
Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct- Jan- Apr- Jul- Oct99 99 99 99 00 00 00 00 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04
Time(1999 - 2004)
Measles Cases
Maximum Air Temperature
400
Number of measles cases vary150
over the season. It’s highest 100
in March and April and lowest 50
0
in July
Feb
27.9oC
Mean air temperature baseline
28
Mar
27.9oC
Apr
27.6oC
27
May
27oC
Jan
26.5oC
Oct
o
26 C
Jun
25.8oC
Jul
o
24.9 C
Aug
24.8oC
Nov
26.6oC Dec
26.1oC
Sep
25.3oC
26
25
24
23
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Time (1999 - 2004)
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Mean air temperature(Baseline)
Number of outpatient measles cases
350
Average monthly measles
cases(1999 – 2004) and mean300
air temperature – Baseline
250
data:
200
29
Numer of measles cases
Maximum Air Temperature
Mar-01
33.90C
700
600
36.0
Mar-03
34.9
Mar-00
0
34.9 C
800
Policy implications of climate
change for Africa
 Joint actions on climate change are urgent, as
countries are intricately dependent on each other.
 Climate change is a development issue, and we
need to integrate climate concerns into the
development process.
 Energy security and climate security go hand in
hand.
 Developing countries have the opportunity to
avoid the polluting mistakes of industrialised
countries.
Policy implications for Africa
(…cont)
 Economic Development is a Right for all
Developing Countries.
 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Technologies are responses to the dual
problem.
 Priority must be given to technology
Cooperation and Capacity Building for
Sustainable Development.
 The CDM and other innovative systems
must be promoted.
Amboseli Energy Hearing
November 2006, Kenya: e-Parliament and The World Future Council
• Following the UN Climate
Conference in Nairobi,19 MPs from
14 countries gathered in the
Amboseli National Park to discuss
what legislators can do in their own
parliaments to address climate
change.
• The group discussed a number of
policy proposals, and chose to
focus on two in particular: Ghana’s
energy efficiency labeling scheme;
and feed-in renewable energy
tariffs.
Ghanaian appliance efficiency label
• Energy efficiency is the cheapest
source of additional energy
capacity.
• In developing countries, energy
made available through efficiency
measures can be used to help
increase energy access.
• Research shows that some of the
most energy-efficient appliances
can also be among the cheapest.
• In Ghana, the labeling system is
beginning with air-conditioners,
which are major consumers of
energy in hot climates, and will
soon be extended to refrigerators
and other appliances.
Renewable energy feed-in tariffs
•
Feed-in laws legally oblige utilities to
purchase electricity from renewable
sources at a preferential purchase price.
•
The price and duration of contract are
set at levels that maintain confidence,
allowing investors to help grow the
sector in a low-risk environment.
•
Feed-in laws have helped to
substantially grow the renewable energy
markets in many countries including
Germany and Spain, and have helped
the growth of electricity production from
sugarcane waste in Mauritius.
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