Transcript بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

The Second Arab Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
Study on Hot-spots in Selected Disaster- Induced Displaced
Communities in Egypt
Dr. Magdy Alaam
Areas That Are Vulnerable to drought Hazard
The region is subject to
frequent agriculture (soil
moisture) droughts and rain
fed crops are strongly affected
by precipitation fluctuations;
mainly in the areas were
annual rainfall range between
120/150 – 400 mm, they are
considered moderately to sever
vulnerable areas to drought;
figure (3.9) (Erian et al, 2006) .
Area of the Study
The study was carried out in area to
the end of irrigation network to the
north of the Delta that called Sugar
Beet Zone and El Hamam “SBZ”. The
studied area is located to the west of
Maryut area
between longitudes 30º 57’ 00’’ N and
30º 41’ 00’’ N; and latitudes 29º 55’
00’’ E and 29º 25’ 00’’ E, as shows in
the associated map.
Area Map
 Area and Geography
The coastal zone west of Alexandria shows a succession of at least five limestone ridges at
varying distances from each other, but all parallel to the present coastal line.
According to (ULG, 19793) the most striking structural feature is the series of ridges and
troughs, which run across the studied area. Essentially the geological section can be
described as follows:
 Recent and Holocene – Aeolian sand and fluviatile loam. Most noticeable in the southern
part of the area. Late Pleistocene – Lagoonal clays sometimes gypsiferous sometimes with
sand. Generally found throughout the area although absent at high elevations such as the
Alum Shaltut Ridge. They have been formed during a succession of high and low sea
levels.
 Pleistocene – Deltaic sands and gravels sometimes with clay beds. The limestone ridges
were formed during this period and were probably marine coastal beach ridges formed by
successive high sea levels.
 Pliocene – Marine grey clays sometimes with calcareous sandstone beds. These are found
throughout the area at varying depth.
Major community Challenges
 The surveyed communities’ faces complex impacts of drought which were extended at
many economic sectors, as water is essential to households’ ability to produce goods and
provide services. The drought impacts were directly and indirectly affected the
communities at economic, environmental and social level.
 Shortage of water supplies comes through Toraa El Nasr and inadequate and poorly
distributed rainfall lead to reduced crop production and Livestock. Usually, livestock
sales act as a buffer in times of hardship, by selling these assets to purchase food and
other families’ commitments.
 Farmers’ information about climate change events and its impacts on agriculture is
limited. Increase in temperature lead to change in whit sowing dates by two weeks.
Hence, limited knowledge, led farmers to continue white sowing as old routine which
decreased the harvest.
 Lacks of harvest machinery, to speed up harvesting process and increase productivity.
Left out residuals could be assorted with soil to increase its fertility. Currently, farmers
get rid of residuals by burning, harming the bio content of cultivation soil.
 Farmers are facing difficulties in marketing summer crops, such as tomato and
watermelon. While they don’t have same problem with whit marketing, as the
department of agriculture provide him with needed support in marketing it, as a strategic
product.
 The area is realizing shortages in modern storage facilities for different crops, especially
whit and maize.
 Farmers facing annoy complications in procurement of fertilizers, especially after
assigning fertilizers disruptions to the general association instead of Agriculture Bank.
 Shortage in water quantities supplied via Toraa El Nassr, associated with lake of
monitoring and controlling water embezzlement. Water is rarely reach water canal ends,
especially sub-canal 15. This accompanied with shortage of rain fall quantities.
 Unregularly maintenance of water canals along with augmented quantities of municipal
and agriculture waste on water canals edges and nearby residential areas.
 The area is lacks vocational and after middle education
 Truncated health care services
 Deteriorated roads conditions
Communities Awareness of Climate Change and its
Impact
 The present survey reflects that in general population in surveyed communities is aware
about global climate change. The sources of information are usually non-scientific
materials. The awareness regarding important agencies and protocol in the field of
climate change was found to be poor. A majority of respondents support personal
measures for mitigating climate change.
 However, t‫إ‬he levels of the area climate change awareness are still low amongst surveyed
communities. This does not imply that the effects are not felt: the impacts are evident,
but the link between lifestyle and climate change needs to be better interpreted to enable
effective adoption of related approaches to adapt to the effects.
 There is need to conduct large survey to generate information. Proposed survey will form
the basis to establish a foundation for decision makers for climate change mitigation
activities. It is also recommended that awareness campaigns/programs regarding climate
change and measures to combat to be introduced for better awareness.
Current Laws and Institutional Polices Compass
Laws:
 Law 4, 1994 and its modifications (law 9 for 2009)
 Agriculture law
 Law 48/1982 for water resources and irrigation
 Law 93 for waste water
 Housing and municipality law 275 &273
 Local administration law for 1976
 Marine and ports law
 Fisheries and linked resources law
 Mineral resources and quarries
 Industry law
Polices
 Development Plans, 2000-2005,2005-2010, 2010-2015
 Environmental Plans, 2000-2005,2005-2010, 2010-2013
 Natural Environmental Strategies 1986, 1992, 2000 and 2012
Organization Structure of Climate Change Central Department, EEAA
CEO
Environmental Affairs
Agency
Climate Change
CD
Secrtaiate & Follow-up
Promotion & Marketing of Carbon
Certaficate
D
D
Risk & Adabtation
GD
Mitigation and CDM
Mechanism
Technology and
Research
GD
GD
Climate Change
Information
D
Risk
D
Clean Development
Mechanism
D
Technology
D
Adaptation
Mittegation
Climate Change
D
D
D
Technica Support for
Technology Research
D
 National Committee for Climate Change, To coordinate between different
ministries
 Disaster Committee affiliated to Ministries Cabinet.
Preparedness for Crisis
Economic Preparation
 Increase funding to expand current programs focusing on improved conservation and
efficiency techniques and capital investment for all water use sectors.
 Provide incentives and programs to facilitate the rapid transfer of new knowledge and
technologies to assist farmers in adapting to climate change.
Additional Comments include the following:
 Evaluate Options to meet water demand (considering potential climate change effects).
 Fund the drought preparedness and emergency water supply projects accounts and
modify the utilization requirements.
 Create appropriate national drought management strategies that account for evolving
drought risks.
Health Preparation
 Traditional Treatments
 Health Care Units
 Referral Hospitals
 Private Clinics and Pharmacies
 Availability of Health Staff
 Health Awareness
Social Preparation
 It is important to draw on existing risk assessments, help agree coordinated action share
important information about which climate impacts and parts of the system should be
prioritized for adaptation and raise awareness across social care sector. Agree actions to
take forward drawing on cost benefit analysis.

•
In doing so, assess predicted impacts on vulnerable people, services, models of care and
local infrastructures. Develop plans or actions that are embedded in the climate change
and link to wider drought and control measures.
Checklist of a good social preparation plan
Embedded in national climate change adaptation strategies and plans
 Developed in partnership with Local Authority and other stakeholders
 Mechanism for review and updating

Consider the following aspects as a minimum:
- Infrastructure including buildings, transportation, supplies and supply chains,
- Resource use, scarcity and continuity including energy, food and water
It is also important to mapping future risks of climate change in the area and its surrounds,
social and community impacts including vulnerable communities and potential migration
Institutional/ Administrative Enhancement
 Support greater role for institutional partnerships in facilitating adaptation
 Enhance local institutional capacities.
 Understand local institutional articulation and access patterns before
providing resource support
 Improve institutional coordination across scales
 Implement an adaptive perspective on institutional development
Recommendations
Communities’ Recommendations
 Consider the area as a hot-spot zone to monitor drought phenomenon and establish
drought monitoring station at the area.
 Train agricultural climate laboratory staff, remote sensing section at agriculture research
center and desert research center staff, to establish, support and develop processes to
monitor impacts of drought on agriculture and production stability over times.
 Essential needs to establish integrated sanitation system for the area. Although, the area
in not integrated in the national agency for bootable water and sanitation plan tell 2018,
the current situation requires special attention.
 Demand to promote collective pre contracted marketing of crops.
 Establish adequate storage facilities for whit and maze in the area
 Introduce solar energy techniques for power supply and heating and to provide support
to enhance usage of renewable energy techniques in new land reclamation areas
 Plantation of green built surrounds the area for protection of desertification.
 Establish new and independent administrative system to secure area stability and
problem immediate solving, could be a central modernization directorate, within the
Ministry of Agriculture.
Team Recommendations
 Prepare agriculture drought maps based on satellites images at locations level and land
degradation maps (1-250m) as well as, study SPEI standardized indicator to monitor rain
falls and evaporation exertions to identify drought mitigation scheme at threatened
spots.
 Implement a comprehensive socio-economic survey to evaluate stability level and
community capability that affect integrated development of the area. As well as, putting
stability indicators in cooperation with research agencies affiliated to Ministry of
Agriculture, as well as other reputable research centers and in cooperation with AKSAD
 Establish political commitment includes, appropriate governmental entities, and strong
scientific institutions, for integrating drought risk issues into a sustainable development
and disaster risk reduction process.
 A bottom-up approach with community participation, both in decision making and
implementation, is essential to move from policies to practices.
 Design and implement a capacity building and knowledge development program to help
build commitment, competent institutions, and informed population.
 Institutional enhancement, capabilities and coordination of governmental entities and
departments concerned with climate change and disaster reduction.
 Establish a clear set of principles and operating guidelines to govern the management of
drought and its impacts as well as to develop a preparedness plan that lays out a strategy
to achieve these objectives. Policies and plans should emphasize mitigation and
preparedness rather than relying solely on drought relief.
 Establish drought monitoring, risk assessment, and the identification of appropriate risk
reduction measures mechanisms.
 Develop a sound long-term investment in mitigation and preparedness measures to
reduce the effects of drought.
 Develop appropriate procedures for disseminating early warnings of climate change and
its potential impact.
 Develop and implement awareness campaign to disseminate climate change challenges,
impact and appropriate mitigation instruments. While, policy makers and practitioners
are tasked with improving ways to formulate messages that are "newsworthy" and attract
the media.
 Government should develop a contingency plan and mobilize financial resources for the
potential permanent replacement of severely affected communities, mainly most
resource-poor, small-scale farmers and poorer households.