Transcript PowerPoint-presentation

Climate capabilities
A conceptual framework for a climate change ethic
[email protected]
Klimaträttvisa
- VVV Cemus, 16 Februari 2009
History and context
Cabinet Maker
Social worker
Musician (www.kvartettraktor.se)
Researcher in ethics
Centre for Environment- and Development Studies
(www.cemus.uu.se)
Institute for Research in Education and
Sustainable Development (www.did.uu.se/iresd)
Agenda
7. Discussion
1. The project climate capabilities
2. Some background info
6. Some preliminary results
3. Olika etiska hållningar
5. The capabilities approach
4. Distributiv klimaträttvisa
CLIMATE CAPABILITIES
Swedish Research Council Formas
Minor Field
Studies!
The Timothy Method (TTM)?
4 SIDA MFS
stipendier Lå 09/10
Other methods?
Zanzibar,
Ahmedabad,
Grahamstown
Comparative
(crossdisciplinary)
climate capability analysis
Capability case studies
Capability text analysis of Summary for Policymakers FAR, SAR, TAR & AR4
2008
2009
Feb 4 MFS funded by SIDA.
3/11 Minor Field Studies funding
application (SIDA).
2010
Background
• Fair distribution of climate change burdens, benefits,
and access to negotiations is central in the discourse
of climate change ethics (Shue 1999, Gardiner 2004,
Grasso 2004).
• The questions of who is to be held accountable, who
is to be held responsible for dealing with the present
and future mess and suffering caused by GHG
emissions, and how to distribute this responsibility
have been given main attention (Page, 2007)
(Kronlid, manuscript).
Cont.
• Global climate change raises questions of justice
associated with climate change impacts, mitigation
and adaptation (Metz 2000; McCarthy et al. 2001,
Pichs et al. 2000).
• Accordingly, “the language of equity has permeated
the UN negotiations on climate change” (Ashton &
Wang 2002) (Kronlid, Project Description, 2007).
Challenging ethics
• Climate change challenges current ethics and makes
it inadequate and/or inappropriate (Jamieson 1992,
Van De Veer & Pierce 1998).
• Existing theories of distributive justice may still be
adequate for addressing climate change justice
(Page, 2007).
Various ethics approaches
Hänger
samman
i praxis
• Intragenerational climate change justice.
• Intergenerational climate change justice (Page,
2007).
• Distributive climate change justice
• Procedural climate change justice
• The capabilities approach
Skiljs åt i teori
Intergenerational
distributive justice
1.
Scope
2.
Shape
3.
Currency
Scope of IG-justice
The scope of justice concerns the “entities that we
identify as the legitimate recipients of benefits and
burdens in society”.
1.
•
Humans here, there, now and later
•
Other entities such as nonhuman animals, ecosystems,
places, etc.
Vems eller vilkas välfärd, frihet, resurser,
eller fördelar är det som bör räknas?
Shape of IG-justice
The “pattern of benefits that a theory of distribution
recommends” (Page, 2007, pp. 78-98).
2.
•
Efficiency (effektiv, verksam fördelning)
•
Equality (jämlik fördelning)
•
Priority (fördelning enligt en prioritetsordning)
•
Sufficiency (fördelning upp till en tillräcklig nivå)
Enligt vilket mönster eller vilka
principer bör fördelningen ske?
Currencies of IG-justice
“[T]he aspect of well-being, or unit of benefits or
advantage, on which our distributive concerns should
focus” (Page, 2007, pp. 50-77).
3.
•
Welfare (fair distribution of welfare - health, happiness, etc.)
•
Resources (fair distribution of resources - material and
immaterial goods)
•
Basic capabilities (fair distribution of individual positive
freedoms)
•
Midfare (fair distribution of access to given advantages in life
and capabilities)
Vad är det som bör fördelas?
Responsibility?
Vulnerability?
Mitiation?
Resilience?
Kommande
mänskliga
generationers
Resources?
Welfare?
Basic capabilities?
Midfare?
DISTRIBUERAS
Adaptation
Effektivt?
Jämlikt?
Prioriterat?
Upp till nivå?
Climate Capabilities
Vantage point: It is important to introduce many
conceptual frameworks of climate change ethics or
justice to the climate change discourse
METHODOLOGICAL ETHICAL PLURALISM
“Stone, who compares ethical theories with the
theories of for instance geometry, chemistry, art,
defines ethical pluralism as the idea that the field
of environmental ethics is like a collection of
different ‘...intellectual frameworks that support
the analysis and solution of particular moral
problems’ (Stone, 1987, p. 133)” (Kronlid 2003).
the capabilities approach
- A broad normative framework for the evaluation and
assessment of individual well-being and social
arrangements, the design of policies, and proposals about
social change in society.
- Used in a wide range of fields, most prominently in
development studies, welfare economics, social policy and
political philosophy.
- Used to evaluate several aspects of people’s well-being,
such as inequality, poverty, the well-being of an individual
or the average well-being of the members of a group.
Robeyns 2005:94
the capabilities approach
The core characteristic of the capabilities approach is its
focus on what people are effectively able to do and to be;
that is, on their capabilities. This contrasts with
philosophical approaches that concentrate on people’s
happiness or desire-fulfilment, or on income, expenditures,
or consumption
Robeyns 2005:94
the capabilities approach
According to the capabilities approach, the ends of wellbeing, justice and development should be conceptualized
in terms of people’s capabilities to function; that is, their
effective opportunities to undertake the actions and
activities that they want to engage in, and be whom they
want to be.
Robeyns 2005:95
Vad är det i våra liv som har egenvärde?
the capabilities approach
These beings and doings, which Sen calls functionings,
together constitute what makes a life valuable.
Functionings include working, resting, being literate, being
healthy, being part of a community, being respected, and
so forth.
Robeyns 2005:95
Basic capabilities
An open approach vs. a set list approach
Sen argues that the benefit of an open approach is
that it can be used in many different ways,
depending on the context and the information that is
available. ‘It is this combination of foundational
analysis and pragmatic use that gives the
capabilities approach its extensive reach’.
Sen 1999, here from Qizilbash 2005:159
Basic capabilities
An open approach vs. a set list approach cont.
A set list of capabilities is a list of what people are free to do and be
according to their own choice (Robeyns 2003:61-62) and such lists
are implied to express “a bare minimum of what respect for human
dignity requires” (Nussbaum, 2005:5).
One argument for a set list approach is that an open approach lacks
“critical bite when it comes to assessing norms” (Qizilbash,
2005:159) and that it is at the risk of being incomplete (Nussbaum,
2005a:13-14) and vague (Nussbaum 2003:46-47).
Based on an emphasis on the pragmatic dimension of TCA,
several capability researchers argue for a specific set list of
capabilities (Nussbaum 2003, 2005a, 2005b, Qizilbash
2005:157).
Methodological framework
A methodological procedure suggested by Robeyns (2003)
A combination of an open approach with the idea of capability
set lists.
[t]he capability approach is not a full-fledged theory [hence] its
specifications can be very diverse and … for each of these
specifications, e.g. climate change [we] will need a relevant list
of capabilities (Robeyns 2003:10).
Following this, Robeyns suggests that we use five criteria when
creating a pragmatic set list of climate capabilities.
Five methodological criteria
Different levels of generality
Exhaustion and non-reduction
“states that the capabilities on the lists
should include all elements” that are
relevant.
-intrinsic to well-being
5
1
A set list of capabilities in two stages:
(a) an ideal list that is “unconstrained
by limitations” of contextual
circumstances and (b) a pragmatic list
which takes context into account
(Robeyns 2003:70-72).
-Climate capabilities
4
2
Methodological justification
Concerns the importance of clarifying
and scrutinizing the method that has
generated the lists. This includes
justification of the method as
appropriate for the matter at hand.
3
Explicit formulation
States that “the list[s] should be made
explicit, discussed, and defended.”
“…determining the dimensions of
human well-being requires people to
recognize, on the basis of their own
experience, the truthfulness or
otherwise of the particular claims”
(Alkire & Black 1997:269).
Sensitivity to context
Acknowledges the importance of
speaking the language of the discourse
in which we want to get involved and
states that “the list should be pitched
at the level of abstraction and within
the theoretical framework that is most
appropriate for the aim for which we
use the capabilities approach”
(Robeyns 2003:11).
Social vulnerability
“… the notion of social vulnerability defined as
the ability of individuals or groups to respond,
recover or adapt to any external climate stress
(Adger 1999; Adger and Kelly 1999; Kelly and
Adger 2000; Brooks 2003; Adger et al. 2006;
Brooks et al. 2005; Paavola and Adger 2006)…”
(Grasso 2004:234, n. 26).
Vulnerability and resilience
Vulnerability capabilities:
Which positive freedoms are threatened by
climate change?
Resilience capabilities:
Which positive freedoms are intrinsic to
adaptation?
Preliminary results:
Vulnerability capabilities
Set list on level (a). Nussbaum, M. (2003), “Capabilities
as fundamental entitlements: Sen and social justice”,
Feminist Economics 9(2-3), 2003, 33-59.
Kronlid, D. (2008), “Mobility as Capability”, Uteng Priya,
T. & Cresswell, T., Gendered Mobilities, Ashgate, 2008,
15-31.
1. Life
Being able to live to the end
of a human life of normal
length; not dying
prematurely, or before one’s
life is so reduced as to be not
worth living.
Estimates of increases of people at risk of death from heat differ between countries,
depending on place, ageing population, and adaptation measures in place. Overall,
significant increases are estimated over this century” (AR4, WII, TS:47)
2. Bodily Health
Being able to have good
health, including reproductive
health; to be adequately
nourished; to have adequate
shelter.
“Sea-level rise will extend areas of salinisation of groundwater and estuaries, resulting in a
decrease in freshwater availability for humans and ecosystems in coastal areas” (AR4, WII,
TS:35)
“By 2030 an increase in the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in low-income regions by
approximately 2-5 % is expected” (AR4, WII, TS:47)
3. Bodily integrity
Being able to move freely from place to place; to be secure against violent assault, including
sexual assault and domestic violence; having opportunities for sexual satisfaction and for
choice in matters of reproduction.
4. Senses, Imagination,
and Thought
Being able to use the senses, to imagine, think, and reason - and to do these things in a “truly human” way, a
way informed and cultivated by an adequate education, including, but by no means limited to, literacy and basic
mathematical and scientific training. Being able to use imagination and thought in connection with experiencing
and producing works and events of one’s own choice, religious, literary, musical, and so forth. Being able to use
one’s mind in ways protected by guarantees of freedom of expression with respect to both political and artistic
speech, and freedom of religious exercise. Being able to have pleasurable experiences and to avoid
nonbeneficial pain.
5. Emotions
Being able to have attachments to things and people outside ourselves; to love those who love and care for us,
to grieve at their absence; in general, to love, to grieve, to experience longing, gratitude, and justified anger. Not
having oneﾕs emotional development blighted by fear and anxiety. (Supporting this capability means supporting
forms of human association that can be shown to be crucial in their development.)
6. Practical reason
“The loss of local knowledge associated with thresholds in ecological systems is a limit to the
effectiveness of adaptation (Folke et al., 2005)” AR4, WGII, Ch 17:734
Preliminary results:
Vulnerability capabilities
Set list on level (a). Nussbaum, M. (2003), “Capabilities
as fundamental entitlements: Sen and social justice”,
Feminist Economics 9(2-3), 2003, 33-59.
Kronlid, D. (2008), “Mobility as Capability”, Uteng Priya,
T. & Cresswell, T., Gendered Mobilities, Ashgate, 2008,
15-31.
7. Affiliation
A. Being able to live with and toward others, to recognize and show concern for other human
beings, to engage in various forms of social interaction; to be able to imagine the situation of
another. (Protecting this capability means protecting institutions that constitute and nourish
such forms of affiliation, and also protecting the freedom of assembly and political speech.) B.
Having the social bases of self-respect and nonhumiliation; being able to be treated as a
dignified being whose worth is equal to that of others. This entails provisions of
nondiscrimination on the basis of race, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, caste, religion,
national origin.
8. Other species
Being able to live with
concern for and in relation to
animals, plants, and the
world of nature.
“Exceedance of ecosystem resilience is very likely to to be characterised by threshold-type
responses, many irreversible on time-scales relevant to human society, such as biodiversity
loss through extinction, disruption of species’ ecological interactions, and major changes in
ecosystem structure and disturbance regimes (especially wildfire and insects)” (AR4, WII,
TS:37).
9. Play
.
Being able to laugh, to play, to enjoy recreational activities
10. Control over one’s
environment
A. Political. Being able to participate effectively in political choices that govern oneﾕs life;
having the right of political participation, protections of free speech and association. B.
Material. Being able to hold property (both land and movable goods), and having property
rights on an equal basis with others; having the right to seek employment on an equal basis
with others; having the freedom from unwarranted search and seizure. In work, being able to
work as a human being, exercising practical reason, and entering into meaningful relationships of mutual recognition with other workers.
Mobility (Added)
Potential movement in
existential, social, and
geographical space
“Relocating populations, economic activity ad infrastructure” due to “Very large sea-level rises
that would result from widespread deglaciation of Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets”
that “imply major changes in coastlines and ecosystems, and inundation of low-lying areas,
with the greatest effects in river deltas” (AR4, WII, TS:64)
Emotions
Affiliation
Life
Play
Other species
Practical reason
Climate
capabilities?
Bodily Health
Bodily Integrity
Control over one’s
environment
Mobility
Senses, imagination, and thought
Thank you for listening!