Transcript Child and Adolescent Nutrition

Nutrition Through the Life Cycle
Childhood
and
Adolescent Nutrition
Estimated Energy Requirements
Ages: 3-8 years old
Category
Children
Age (years)
DRI
Energy
(Kcal/kg)
Energy
(kcal/day)
3
85
1200-1400
4
70
1400
5-6
65
1400-1600
7-8
60
1600
Tips for Feeding
Toddlers and Preschoolers
•
•
•
•
•
Offer a variety of foods
Set a good example
Serve meals at the same time each day
Small meals plus snacks
Never force feed or use food as a
reward
• Food jags are common
Childhood Nutrition
Division of Responsibility
• Parent’s responsibility:
– What
– Where
– When
• Child’s responsibility:
– What
– How much
Estimated Energy Requirements
Ages: 9-18 years old
Category
Males
Females
Age (years)
DRI
Energy
(kcal/kg)
Energy
(kcal/day)
9-13
47
1800-2200
14-18
33
2400-2800
9-13
40
1600-2000
14-18
32
2000
Age
Meat and
Protein
Foods
Breads,
Cereals and
Starches
Fruits and
Vegetable
Fats and Oils
(years)
Milk and
Milk
Products
2-4
4 servings
2 servings
½-1 ½ ounce meat
or egg; ¼ cup
legumes
1 Tbsp. peanut
butter
4 or more
servings
3-4 ounces juice (limit
to one serving) and 2-4
tablespoons fruits and
vegetables
3 servings
4-6 ounces
whole milk
and milk
products
4 or more
Servings
¾ - 1 slice bread,
1/3 – ¾ cup
cereal, rice or
pasta
4-6
4-8 ounces low
fat milk and
milk products
1-2 ounce meat or
egg; ¼- ½ cup
legumes
1-2 Tbsp. peanut
butter
1-2 slice bread,
½ –1 cup
cereal, rice or
pasta
4 ounces juice (limit to
one serving) and 4
tablespoons fruits and
vegetables
1-3 teaspoons
7-12
3 servings
8 ounces low
fat milk and
milk product
2-4 servings
2 ounce meat or
1egg; ½ cup
legumes
2 Tbsp. peanut
butter
6-11 Servings
1 slice bread,
1 cup cereal,
½ rice or pasta
4-5 servings
6 ounces juice (limit to
one serving) 1 piece
fruit, or ½ cup
vegetables
Use sparingly
1 tsp. oil,
margarine, 1
Tbsp. salad
dressing
13-18
8 ounces low
fat milk and
milk product
2 ounce meat or
1egg; ½ cup
legumes
2 Tbsp. peanut
butter
1 slice bread,
1 cup cereal,
½ rice or pasta
6 ounces juice (limit to
one serving) 1 piece
fruit, or ½ cup
vegetables
1 tsp. oil,
margarine, 1
Tbsp. salad
dressing
1-3 teaspoons
Adolescents
• Female growth
Male growth spurt
spurt 10 – 11
12- 13 years
years
• Lean muscle mass
• Fat becomes
increases
larger percent of
body weight
• Weight increases •Weight increases about
about 35 lb during 45 lb during adolescence
adolescence
Nutritional concerns during
Adolescence
• NHANES – Adolescents had the highest
prevalence of unsatisfactory
nutritional status
• Low intake of:
– Iron
– Calcium
– Vitamin A & C
• Folic Acid
Nutritional concerns
• Iron needs increase – females start
menstruating and lose iron while males
increase lean body mass
• Calcium needs increase – for proper
bone development
• Calcium is needed for building peak
bone mass
Nutritional concerns
• Teens are drinking more soft drinks and less milk
• Teens are not meeting calcium requirements
• 25% of teen girls are iron deficient
• Iron deprivation is associated with cognitive damage
• American diets are poor in folic acid
• Folic acid is critical in decreasing risk of birth defects
Nutritional concerns
• Food habits are characterized by:
–
–
–
–
–
Skipping meals
Eating outside the home
Fast food
Snacking
Dieting
Food Sources of Calcium
• Milk and milk products
• Dark, leafy green vegetables
• Some fish and shellfish
Food Sources of Iron
• Heme Iron:
– animal food sources
– ground beef, steak, oysters,
• Non-heme Iron:
– plant food sources
– spinach, avocado, black-eyed peas
– not as well absorbed as heme iron
– foods high in Vitamin C increase absorption
Food Sources of Folic Acid
•
•
•
•
Orange Juice
Leafy vegetables
Legumes
Fortified Grain
Products
–
–
–
–
Cereals
Pastas
Breads
Flour
Food Sources of Vitamin A and C
• Vitamin A
–
–
–
–
Carrots
Sweet potatoes
Pumpkin pie
Etc.
• Vitamin C
–
–
–
–
Oranges
Strawberries
Papaya
Etc.
Other Influences
• The more time spent watching
television, the more likely individuals
are to have higher energy intakes,
consume greater amounts of pizza,
salty snacks, and soda and to be more
overweight than children who watch
less television.
• Important to emphasize physical activity
especially to females because they grow
earlier, and fat cells grow in size (*and
number) at this age.
• Both males and females teens in America are
more overweight and obese than in past
generations. (Increase of diabetes type II
also.)
"To eat is a necessity,
but to eat intelligently is
an art."
- La Rochefoucauld
This material was funded by USDA’s Food Stamp Program through the California
Department of Public Health’s Network for a Healthy California. These institutions
are equal opportunity providers and employers. The Food Stamp Program provides
nutrition assistance to people with low income. It can help buy nutritious foods for a
better diet. For information on the Food Stamp Program, call 1-888-328-3483.