Transcript Folie 1 - 財團法人環境資源研究發展基金會

The strategy of sustainable/ low carbon cities
Mark Hidson
ICLEI-Local Governments for Sustainability
European Secretariat
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ICLEI – an introduction
● The leading global network of 12 mega-cities,
100 super-cities and urban region, 450 large
cities and 450 small and medium -sized cities
and towns
● Mission is to build and serve a worldwide
movement of local governments to achieve
tangible improvements in global sustainability
with special focus on environmental conditions
through cumulative local actions.
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ICLEI Worldwide
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A Sustainable City:

Strives to reduce its per capita use of natural resources to
a level that endangers neither local nor global
ecosystems, and at the same time

Ensures that political, economic and social systems
guarantee a good quality of life for everyone.
But what is the benchmark?
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Why cities? Why local action?
“The road to sustainability runs through the world’s
towns and cities. By building sustainable towns
and cities, you will build global sustainability”,
Ban Ki-moon ended, appealing to Mayors to further
intensify their work beyond Rio+20.
“Perhaps more than anywhere else, cities offer the
opportunity to develop adaptation and mitigation win-win
initiatives. In the absence of decisive global policies on
climate change, cities need to serve as centres of policy
ingenuity to drive real action”.
Yvo de Boer, former Executive Secretary, United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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Cities face numerous challenges
Rapid urbanisation / shrinking cities
Demographic change, food security, sustainable agriculture,
secure, clean and efficient energy; sustainable integrated
transport, climate action, resource efficiency, inclusive secure
societies
Changing citizens‘ demands and preferences
(e.g. increased resource consumption)
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Cities face numerous challenges
Poverty / quality of Life
Poor and/or ageing infrastructure
Difficulties in coordination (different legislative frameworks,
responsibility & power)
Insufficient/unavailable knowledge
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What is holding cities back from delivering transformation?
● Legal and policy framework (overwhelming, difficult to
coordinate)
● Governance (political, departmental)
● Risks (legal, fear of failure)
● Capacity (skills, senior management commitment)
● Budgetary constraints / financing options (costs, budgetary
separation)
● Market constraints (lack of alternatives)
● Awareness & communication (internal and external)
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… cities are also part of the solution
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What makes a “City”
●3 million private households
●31 municipalities
●1 Provincial government
●18 utilities
●67 Housing companies
●165 Furniture stores
●8 power plants
●18 Internet Providers
●383 Engineering firms
●125 Mineral oil vendors
●178 construction companies
●4 million car owners
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●34 Bus/train operators
●277 trucking companies
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What can local governments do?
Action instruments of local governments:
– Legal: Laws, by-laws, permissions
– Planning: Frameworks
– Financial: Taxes/levies, subsidies
– Market: Procurement
– Direct: Operating infrastructure and services
– Persuasive: Information, model
– Lead
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Cities are key players…
City
Central
Government
Industry
Big local fleet owner
X
Fuel producer
X
X
Fuel infrastructure
X
X
Tax incentives
X
Local incentives
X
Transport buyer
X
Independent
information
X
X
X
Source: Jonas Erikson, 2012
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The strategy...
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Cyclical Sustainability
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The key characteristics of a successful transforming city?
● Strong leadership / council in leadership role / a strong team
● Strategy / vision
● Incremental approach
● Creativity substitutes for financial resources
● Risk management
● Effective alliances (internally and externally)
● Obtaining community understanding and support
● Establishing mechanisms to measure progress
● Regular and honest progress reviews
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Key activities of a successful transforming city?

Demonstration projects / recognition

Costs and benefits analysis

Raising awareness & training at management and technical
level
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Dialogue with suppliers and manufacturers

Push the market for innovative products and services
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Collection and exchange of good practice examples,
experience exchange

More intelligent use of ‘open’ data
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Infrastructure determines the future
Energy efficient construction
Use of Solar Energy
Cool air generation
Ventilation
Public transport
Shadow
islands
District
heating
& cooling
Economic use of space and land
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Source: City of
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Freiburg
Investments determines the future
●Source: Global
Network, Wackernagel, Peak Everything (2009)
©Footprint
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Does it work?
Stockholm: has the highest percentage of clean vehicles in
Europe (140,000 vehicles, 16%). There has been a LEZ for
heavy goods vehicles since 1996. The city introduced a
congestion charge in 2006. By 2014: 100% clean municipal
fleet, 85% clean fuel in the tanks and 16% renewables
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Does it work?
● Vancouver, has a goal of becoming the “the greenest city in the world” by
2020.
● Aim to decrease emissions by 33% and improve the energy efficiency of
existing structures by 20%, have strict building codes - all new
developments must be carbon neutral.
● They use hydroelectric power—making up 90 percent of its supply—as
well as using wind, solar, and wave power.
● Vancouver has one of the lowest per capita carbon emissions of any major
city due to an integrated transport system, bike lanes and car sharing
programs.
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Does it work?
Curitiba, Brazil, integrated of land use and mobility.
● 75% of Curitiba residents use public transport.
● 1,100 buses make 15,000 trips daily, exclusive bus lane, bus drivers
control the traffic lights, different sized buses. Saved 7 million gallons of
fuel per year.
● 90% of residents recycle 2/3 of their waste daily. Initiated a garbage
exchange program.
● Curitiba has over 1,000 parks and natural areas
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Key challenges to accelerate the pace of change
Understanding the political landscape into which one
wants to introduce new concepts and approaches is
more important than being an expert in those concepts
Source: unknown
We are quickly becoming the generation that has
evidence that there are big societal challenges, has the
technology to address them but does not act...
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Thank you
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[email protected]
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