Transcript GENDER & CLIMATE CHANGE - Home | UNDP-ALM

GENDER & CLIMATE CHANGE
Gender as a Crosscutting Issue in Climate
Change Adaptation
Lucy Wanjiru & Khamarunga Banda
Presented
1-3 June, 2009
Kingston Jamaica
Overview
• Overview of UNDP
• UNDP has a mandate to mainstream
Gender Equality and Women’s
Empowerment in all programmes and
projects.
• The UNDP Gender Team works to uphold
this mandate; facilitating inclusive
development, catalysing the achievement
of the Millennium Development Goals.
Global Gender and Climate Alliance
(GGCA)
1.
Integrate a gender perspective into policy and decision
making in order to ensure that the UN mandates on
gender equality are fully implemented.
2.
Ensure that financing mechanisms on mitigation and
adaptation address the needs of poor women and men
equitably.
3.
Build capacity at all levels to design and implement
gender-responsive climate change policies, strategies and
programmes.
4.
Develop, compile, and share practical tools, information,
and methodologies to facilitate the integration of gender
into policy and programming.
Gender defined
When you hear Gender what
comes to mind???
Defining Gender
• Gender mostly confused with sex
• Sex is the biological characteristics pertaining to males
and females.
• Gender is a cultural, social construct that assigns status
and roles to males and females.
• The status and roles associated with gender create
differences between males and females that can result in
inequality.
• Gender roles are learnt we learn to be a boy or girl
• Women thoughts
• Gender is also an analytical tool for understanding social
processes and aiding sustainable development practices
– fro example use in CBA
Gender Approaches
• Women-in-Development (WID) practical needs
– Aims at integrating a women perspective into existing
development processes in order to counteract the
exclusion of women (special projects, increase their
productive incomes – ease household chores)
• Gender and development (GAD) strategic
needs) aims for empowerment
– Approach on relationships between men and women
addresses power relations aims at equity/equality and
Sustainable development
Though in practices sometimes no fixed lines of demarcation
QUIZ
• Introduction – Global perspective
• QUIZ
SETTING THE
STAGE
What percentage of
the world’s 1.3 billion
people living in
extreme poverty are
women and girls?
a. 50%
b. 60%
c. 70%
d. 80%
Sources: UNFPA 2008. State of World Population 2008; and The Global Gender Gap Report 2008
Answer:
c. 60%
What percentage of
the world’s working
hours are worked by
women?
a. 33%
b. 50%
c. 66%
Source: OXFAM, 2007 Millennium Development Goals Gender Quiz
Answer:
c. 66%
What percentage of
property worldwide is
owned by women?
a.
b.
c.
d.
1%
5%
10%
25%
Source: OXFAM, 2007 Millennium Development Goals Gender Quiz
Answer:
a.1%
What percentage of
parliamentary seats
worldwide are held
by women?
a. 10%
b. 17%
c. 25%
d. 50%
Source: Social Watch Gender Equity Index, 2008
Answer:
b. 17%
What per cent of the 876
million illiterate adults
are men?
a. 10%
b. 75%
c. 40%
d. 25%
Source: OXFAM, 2007 Millennium Development Goals Gender Quiz
Answer:
d. 25% are men and 75% are women
What percentage of
women worldwide are
homeless or live in
inadequate dwellings, such
as slums?
a. 20%
b. 25%
c. 33%
d. 50%
Sources: OXFAM, 2007 Millennium Development Goals Gender Quiz
Answer:
d. 33%
In a sample of 141 countries
over the period 1981 to 2002 it
was found that, natural disasters
(and their subsequent impact)
on average:
a. Kill more men than
women
b. Kill the same amount of
women and men
c. Kill more women than
men
Source: Neumayer and Plümper, 2007
Answer:
c. natural disasters on average kill more
women than men or kill women at an
earlier age than men
Gender equality can
promote:
a. Poverty eradication
b. Sustainable
development
c. Reduce the risk of
disasters
d. Increase family
income
e. All of the above
Answer:
e. All of the above
Gender
• Gender is a social construct
• If a social construct it can also be
deconstructed
• If gender is mainstreamed in the CBA
projects this also offers a chance for
deconstruction towards a more equitable
society – SD outcomes
– Bird cannot fly well with one wing
– Nothing for us without us
Positioning Gender in CBA
Climatic Impacts
CBA
Men Women/boys & Girls
in a development process
(culture, Values in production and
reproduction & organizational process
(who has access, control of resources,
decision making) –meet first seek first etc
COMMUNITY
Why Gender in CBA?
Ability to mainstream gender in CBA - Differentiated
Impacts:
• Women have less access to resources that would
enhance their capacity to adapt to climate change—
including land, credit, education etc. – making them
vulnerable
• Vulnerability depends in large part on access to
resources and assets (physical, financial, human, social,
and natural) “The more assets, the less vulnerability”
• Gender inequality intersects with climate risks and vulnerabilities 2007 HDR
• It is widely acknowledged that the negative effects of
climate change are likely to hit the poor/poorest the
most. 60 % of the world’s poorest one billion people are
women and girls. (UNFPA 2008. State of World Population 2008)
Why Gender in CBA?
Different Roles
• Women have a fundamental role as primary
managers of the environment:
• Women meet 90 per cent of household
water and fuel needs in Africa. In arid areas
they spend up to 8 hrs a day in search of
water.
• They are active in production activities such
as forests, fisheries, and in agriculture
women produce up to 80 per cent in Africa,
60 per cent in Asia, 30 - 40 per cent in Latin
America.
• This is a sector that is highly exposed to the
risks that come with drought and floods.
Why Gender in Development Projects
• The human rights perspective
– Women have as much right to participate in the production of
knowledge in Africa, and right to be part of that knowledge
– The power to know and power to have one’s knowledge
influence mainstream knowledge should be considered as part
of human rights
– Global development of technology and finance has been based
on what is termed as a “sexist definition”
– We cannot afford to waste human resource – right to intellectual
input in re-conceptualizing new future development models
• Environmental rational
– Women have knowledge, users and consumers of
environmental products, active caretakers need cleaner efficient
technologies
• The economic rationale
– The intellectual and labor input of men and women in important
to realize “meaningful" development
– Women projects are on the average sustainable
Evidence …. Gender mainstreaming
improves CBA Projects
• Involving women in management of
water projects increases efficiency
• Women’s Indigenous knowledge used in
Conservation of forests - Green Belt
movement
• A recent report on micro finance in Peru
indicated that “in the current global
financial crisis, women running microbusinesses are doing a better job at
withstanding the negative effects
• Improved Response to disaster risk
response – Honduras
Women bear greater responsibilities for crop and
food production & preparation in developing world
Women are more susceptible to the impacts of climate
change, as they must adapt to declining water supplies,
climate variability, natural disasters, pest outbreaks,
changing precipitation patterns and other impacts of climate
change on crop production.
Gender realities in Africa
The whole Picture rural Africa:
• Women is in a subordinate position
• Lives in household, community and
society where gender inequality/ is
more or less pervasive
• Her labor is less considered, less
valuable than that of her husband
• Decisions about finance and
investment are not made by her in
new appliances, land use, her
mobility and what crops to plant
• Her voice on policies is less heard/
her ideas not well articulated e.g.
government position on issues that
affect her too
• Her time
• Has less education, less access to
credit, land, and power
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Gendered realities in Africa!
– She also has other responsibilities e.g. fetching water, grinding grain etc.
and childcare
– She is also cooking on smoky fires that may cause lung disease
– 2.4 million still use traditional biomass (agric. Residue, cow-dung & wood)
– cooking & heating
– 1.6 billion have no access to electricity – UNDP claims the numbers are
increasing in absolute terms and not decreasing
– E.g. IEA reports show projected trends of increase of biomass from 646
million (2002) to 996 million (2030)
– The burden is on women!
Daily Hours that women spend collecting fuels in
different African geographical settings, by country, 1999-2003
4.5
4
Hours per day
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
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Gender the Missing link??
• Absent from decision making
processes
• Institutional absence if
present not vocal
• Semantic absence
• Financial absence
• Information related absent
• Gender – low priority or
dismissed
Gender norms, value
gender division of
Labour
Different levels of
Access to resources
CBA PROJECT
Gives power and
reinforces
gender practices
Why Involvement of women and men
•
•
•
•
Efficiency
Equity
Sustainability
“Ubuuntu” – linkage and
women/man man/man humans/
environment (essence of being
humans living within a
environment”
• (women have the will for
accomplishment & outpace
themselves in most projects in
Africa)
Tools and methodologies
• Gender tools are not isolated entities.
• They are not viewed as specific
products but as part of a process.
• They are flexible, and build on, and
strengthen existing local knowledge,
structures and institutions
• Enhance socio-economic benefits,
gender equality/equity, and improve
livelihoods.
• Sustainable continually promote
learning and innovation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Gender lens
• Does the project include specific, measurable actions and
deliverables related to gender mainstreaming, gender equality and
women’s empowerment?
• Has the project/programme assessed potential for contributing to
gender equality and women’s empowerment through planned
activities?
• Has sex-disaggregated baseline data been collected?
• Has the project/programme assessed the potential for contributing to
gender equality and women’s empowerment through planned
activities?
• Have gender specialists or representatives from women's
stakeholders groups participated in all steps of the programme or
project cycle?
• Have all possible steps been taken to ensure gender equity in the
recruitment of project staff and consultants?
Adopting Gender Approach for holistic
Sustainable Development
1. How can we market/demystify gender issues in
development to:
a) development practitioners?
b) community members?
Thank you for listening!!!
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