Transcript Insert Presentation Title

Legislation + Regulations = Change
David Blackhurst
Director – Star Technical Solutions
Ozone Depletion
Largest observed hole
in the Ozone Layer over
Antarctica
September 2006
Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse Gases
Kyoto Protocol Status
Dark Green – binding reduction targets
Other Colours – no binding reduction targets
Greenhouse Gases – Refrigerants GWP
CO2
R134a
R22
R410A
GWP = 1
GWP = 1300
&
GWP = 1980
R404A
&
R407F
R507A
GWP @ 1700
GWP @ 3800
Note: The GWP number is based on a 100 year time horizon.
Greenhouse Gases – HFC Emissions
Greenhouse Gases – HFC Emissions
June 2013 - the USA and China agreed to work
together with other countries to use the expertise
and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase
down consumption and production of HFCs.
Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations
The Montreal Protocol
EU Regulations (EC) No 2037 / 2000 & No 1005 / 2009
On Substances that Deplete
the Ozone Layer
The Environmental Protection
(Controls on Ozone Depleting Substances)
Regulations 2011
Ozone Depleting Substances
(Qualifications) Regulations 2009
Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations
The Kyoto Protocol
UK Obligations to meeting its
Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Target
Climate Change Act 2008
Aims to reduce the UKs GHG
emissions by at least 80%,
from 1990 baseline, by 2050
Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations
Climate Change Act 2008
5 Key Activities:
• Setting national policy and strategy
• Reducing the demand for energy and helping people and
businesses to use energy more efficiently
• Investing in low-carbon technologies
• Publicly reporting carbon emissions from businesses
and the public sector
• Taking international action
Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations
Climate Change Act 2008
Initiatives associated with the Act that impact particularly with
industry and those operating energy intensive plant such as
refrigeration systems include:
• EU Emissions Trading System
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm
• Climate Change Agreements (CCA) Incorporating CCL
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/pollution/136236.aspx
• Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) Energy Efficiency Scheme
https://www.gov.uk/crc-energy-efficiency-scheme
Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations
The Kyoto Protocol
EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006
On Certain Fluorinated
Greenhouse Gases
Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas
Regulations 2009
Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations
Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas
Regulations 2009
• Prevent leakage, and repair any leaks as soon as possible
• Arrange proper refrigerant recovery by certified personnel during
servicing and disposal
• Carry out scheduled leak checks
• Ensure that only certified competent personnel carry out leakage
checks
• Maintain records of refrigerants and of servicing
Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations
EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006
On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases
UPDATE
ANNOUNCED
7TH NOVEMBER 2012
Key Proposal
A phase-down measure that from 2015 will limit
the total amount of HFCs that can be sold in the
EU and reduces this in steps to 1/5th of today’s
sales by 2030.
Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations
EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006
On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases
Products and Equipment
UPDATE
7/11/12
Date of Prohibition
Use of HFC-23 in fire protection
systems and fire extinguishers
1 January 2015
Domestic refrigerators and freezers
with HFCs with GWP of 150 or more
1 January 2015
Refrigerators and freezers for
commercial use (hermetically sealed
systems)
1 January 2017 for HFCs with
GWP of 2500 or more
1 January 2020 for HFCs with
GWP of 150 or more
Movable room air-conditioning
appliances (hermetically sealed) with
HFCs with GWP of 150 or more
1 January 2020
Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations
EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006
On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases
UPDATE
7/11/12
Recharging of existing refrigeration equipment with a
charge size over 5 tonnes of CO2 equivalent with HFC of
very high GWP (>2500) will not be permitted from 2020
onwards………
…………as more adequate and energy efficient drop-in
refrigerants of lower GWP are already widely available on
the market.
Note: For R404A, 5 tonnes of CO2 equivalent is a
system charge of 1.32kg.
Refrigerants Status
Bitzer
Refrigerants Report 16
?
?
The Perfect Refrigerant
• Chemically stable and inert
• Suitable for cooling applications from -75OC to +20OC
• Good thermodynamic characteristics
• Non-toxic
• Non-flammable
• Zero ozone depletion potential (ODP)
• Low global warming potential (GWP)
• Low cost
• Available
The Perfect Refrigerant
Ammonia (R717)?
Among the earliest of refrigerants, its positive attributes
include:
• Chemically stable and inert
• Wide operating range
• Excellent thermodynamic properties
• Zero ODP
• Zero direct GWP
• Low cost: refrigerant and oils
• Available
• Good safety record
The Perfect Refrigerant
Ammonia (R717)?
Management of H&S at Work Regs 1999
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regs 2002
Its challenging attributes include:
Dangerous Substances & Explosive
Atmosphere Regs 2002
• Toxic
• Flammable at certain concentrations in air (15% to 28%
by vol.)
• Not compatible with copper or copper alloys
• High discharge temperatures - limiting single stage
operation, particularly with reciprocating compressors
• Non-miscible with lubricating oils
• Poor public perception
The Perfect Refrigerant
Ammonia (R717)?
Management of H&S at Work Regs 1999
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regs 2002
Dangerous Substances & Explosive Atmosphere Regs 2002
Similar general requirements:
• Assessment of the risk to H&S
• Prevention or control of exposure
• Use of control measures
• Information and training
• Dealing with accidents and emergencies
The Perfect Refrigerant
Carbon Dioxide (R744)?
An early refrigerant which has seen a renaissance in
applications over the past 10 years, Carbon Dioxide’s
positive attributes include:
• Chemically stable and inert
• Wide operating range
• Non-toxic
• Non-flammable
• Positive pressures across complete operating range
• High efficiency at low temperature
• Cheap refrigerant
The Perfect Refrigerant
Carbon Dioxide (R744)?
Carbon Dioxide’s positive attributes provide the following
potential benefits:
• Significantly enhanced performance
• Smaller & fewer components, ie compressors, heat
exchangers & pipework
• Potential for lower cost installation
• Potential for lower cost operation
• No recovery and “safe” disposal problems
The Perfect Refrigerant
Carbon Dioxide (R744)?
Carbon Dioxide’s challenging attributes include:
• Relatively high operating pressures
Sat Temp (oC)
Pressure (bar(g))
R744
-45
7.32
R717
-45
-0.46
R404A
-45
0.05
R744
0
33.85
R717
0
3.28
R404A
0
5.03
The Perfect Refrigerant
Carbon Dioxide (R744)?
Carbon Dioxide’s challenging attributes include:
• Relatively high operating pressures
• Low critical temperature
R744
31oC
R717
133oC
R404A
73oC
The Perfect Refrigerant
Carbon Dioxide (R744)?
Carbon Dioxide’s challenging attributes include:
• Relatively high operating pressures
• Low critical temperature
• Affects breathing reflex at concentrations > 2%
Similar issues affect synthetic
refrigerants, eg HFCs & HCFCs
Management of H&S at Work Regs 1999
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regs 2002
The Perfect Refrigerant
Does not presently exist!
The application of all refrigerant options – and
associated refrigeration system designs – is a
compromise, each carrying its benefits and
challenges
Regulations, Standards & Guidelines
provide the framework for ensuring the
safe and appropriate application of all
refrigerants
One Size – does not – Fit All
The decision on which direction to take will depend on a
range of criteria and the relative weighting given to each by
those making the assessment. One size - does not - fit all.