Transcript Training Course on Wetlands and Climate Change Adaptation

Training Course on Ecosystem Based Climate Change Adaptation
Disaster Risk Reduction
(Module 5)
Lead developer:
Co-developers:
Terry Hills, Conservation International
Tracy Farrell, Conservation International
Tunde Ojei, Wetlands International,
Charlotte Floors, Wetlands International
Learning Objective
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Participants know the components of a disaster.
Participants know the applicability of DRR as a
tool for adaptation.
Participants know the international framework
for DRR and the obligations of state, regional
and international parties under this framework.
Participants are able to prioritize options, plan
and implement practical steps using ‘first cut’
desktop tools for DRR, and consider
appropriate evaluation mechanisms for DRR
Lecture Overview
1. What is disaster
risk reduction
(DRR)?
2. How do I
implement DRR?
3. How do I evaluate
DRR?
3 Disciplines: Adaptation, Conservation and DRR
Disaster Risk
Reduction
Climate
Change
Adaptation
Conservation
What is a Disaster?
“a serious disruption of the
functioning of a community
or society causing
widespread human, material
economic or environmental
losses which exceeds the
ability of the affected
community or society to cope
using its own resources”
United Nations
What Causes this Disruption?
• A Hazard is a natural
event that may cause
loss of life, injury or other
adverse impacts.
– Geophysical events such
as earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions and tsunamis
– Climatic events such as
cyclones, droughts and
floods
Some Disaster Statistics
Increased Frequency - the number of
reported weather-related disasters was
195 per year between 1987-98 to 365 per
year between 2000-06 )
Social Inequality – in the last 25 years:
98%of the people injured or affected by
natural disasters were living in 112
countries classified as low income or lowmiddle income
Geological Disasters – in 2000-2010 ,
nearly 60% of people killed by disasters
were killed because of earthquakes
Persons Affected by Disaster Type
What is Disaster Risk Reduction?
‘the systematic development
and application of policies,
strategies and practices to
minimize vulnerabilities,
hazards and the unfolding
disaster impacts throughout
a society, in the broad
context of sustainable
development’
UNDP
The Hyogo Framework for DRR
• Agreed by 168 countries
after 2004 Indian Ocean
Tsunami
• Set of technical and
organizational requirements
for DRR
• Provides a good starting
points for organizing action
• Use to check existing
policies and procedures
Categories of Disaster Risk Reduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sustainable Institutional Structures and Good
Governance
Risk Identification, Monitoring, Early Warning
and Public Awareness
Technical and Physical Risk Mitigation
Building Resilience, Promotion of Innovation,
Knowledge and Education
Risk sharing and Risk Transfer Preparedness,
Effective Response and Sustainable Recovery
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Drought DRR Case Studies - Africa
Sustainable Institutional Structures
Kenya: Development of a master DRR
Sustainable Institutional Structures and Good
Governance
and Good Governance
plan with inter-ministerial dialogue and
Risk Identification, Monitoring, Early Warning and Public Awareness
coordination
Technical and Physical Risk Mitigation
South Africa:
National
Building Resilience, Promotion of Innovation,
Knowledge
andDisaster
Education
Strategy
Risk sharing and Risk Transfer Preparedness,
Effective
ResponseMonitoring,
and Sustainable
Risk
Identification,
Early Recovery
Botswana: National Early Warning
Warning and Public Awareness
Technical Committee
Lesotho: Annual drought vulnerability
assessment
Ethiopia: Community-identified risk
assessment s
Technical and Physical Risk
Mitigation
Lesotho: ministry created
to mainstream soil conservation,
afforestation
Drought DRR Case Studies - Africa
Building Resilience, Promotion of
Ethopia: Rainwater Harvesting
Sustainable Institutional Structures and Good
Governance
Innovation,
Technology
Risk Identification, Monitoring, Early Warning
and Public Awareness
Knowledge
andPhysical
Education
Technical and
Risk Mitigation Northern Kenya: Community radio
Building Resilience, Promotion of Innovation,
Knowledge
and Education
programmes
by pastoralists
Risk sharing and Risk Transfer Preparedness,
UNDP, UNISDR: African Drought Risk
Effective Response and Sustainable Recovery
and Development Network
Risk sharing and Risk Transfer
Preparedness
Ethiopia: Crop weather insurance
Malawi: Index-based weather insurance
Effective Response and Sustainable
Recovery
Botswana/Ethiopia/Kenya:
Government contingency funding in the
case of drought
South Africa: Weather-triggered
disaster response
Warning Signs for DRR (Moench)
1. Low levels of diversification;
2. Heavy dependence on key data and
technical specifications;
3. Reliance on narrow assumptions regarding
appropriate human behavior and incentives;
4. Long lead times and capital investments
required;
5. Major distributional differences;
6. Lack of a clear business model.
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How much money is spent on DRR?
Official Development Assistance on Disaster Management (2002-08)
9.00
8.00
7.00
USD Billion
6.00
Emergency Response
5.00
4.00
Reconstruction Relief &
Rehabilitation
3.00
Disaster Prevention &
Preparedness
2.00
1.00
0.00
2002
2003
2004
2005
Year
2006
2007
2008
Calculating Economic Costs of Disasters
…But what about economic impacts of DRR?
Challenges for DRR Evaluation
• Lack of clear objectives – is the
objective to protect specific assets,
human life or to , stabilize of
consumption, health or incomes?
• Lack of something to measure – in the
absence of a disaster in the project area,
what can be measured?
• Lack of a control group: are there
possible ethical issues in studying a
control group which is considered to
have comparable risk to the project
group?
• Lack of baseline data: how do you
choose from the wide variety of
parameters that are relevant to disaster
risk with limited resources?
Common Approaches to DRR Evaluation
Cost Analyses:
– Cost Effectiveness
– Cost Benefit
– Cost Utility
Participatory Approaches:
– Rapid Rural Appraisal
– Participatory Rural Appraisal
– Participatory Learning and
Action
UNISDR Tool: Understanding Drivers of Drought Risk in Agriculture
Lecture and Exercise Review
1. What is disaster risk
reduction (DRR)?
2. How do I implement
DRR?
3. How do I evaluate
DRR?
Exercise – $1M DRR Proposal
• 4 groups of consultants
will present a 5 minute
proposal to the Kenyan
Government:
– Plan for allocation of
USD1M for DRR and
Climate Change
Adaptation
Training Course on Ecosystem Based Climate Change Adaptation
Colofon side
This lecture has been prepared as part of the training materials on wetlands
and climate change adaptation
Copyright/creative commons copyright
This material may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided that the
source is mentioned. Reference to this material can be made as [Name lead
developer] et al, [Title module x], Training Kit on Wetlands and Climate
Change Adaptation, 2010, [web-reference]
Additional
Material:
Resilience and
Fragility Functions
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Soft and Hard Resilience
• Resilience refers to the capacity of people or
economies to absorb loss and recover.
• Resilience has two different attributes:
– Hard Resilience: The direct strength of structures or
institutions when placed under pressure
– Soft Resilience: The ability of systems to absorb and
recover from the impact of disruptive events without
fundamental changes in function or structure
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Introduction to Fragility Functions
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A graphical way of communicating relative cost-benefit
of hard vs soft resilience options
Can be used in different scales and contexts
Relate event size (eg costs of flood) to costs (financial,
human life, environmental)
Compare relative merits of disaster management
options
Not yet commonly used but can be very useful for
illustrative purposes
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Fragility Function – ‘Unprotected’ System
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Fragility Function - Hard Resilience Solution
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Fragility Function - Soft Resilience Solution
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