Transcript Slide 1
Liquid Fuel Depletion Atmospheric Carbon Loading Hawaii’s Problem Tropical Agriculture Hawaii’s Energy Consumption Year 2000 88% Petroleum Increasing 2.8% per year vs. World’s ~1% Petroleum Coal Biomass MSW Solar Hot Water Geothermal Hydro Wind 4 Cheap Oil Cheap Coal *uranium* Expensive Oil Expensive Coal EROEI ca 5:1 Wood LNG Everything Else Liquid Fuel Depletion Climate Change Tropical Agriculture Every 10 days in China, a new coal-fired power plant opens that is large enough to serve the city of Dallas, Texas The increase in greenhouse gases from China’s coal use will exceed that of all industrialized countries COMBINED This is how your PV panels are made We externalize the impact of our demands Liquid Fuel Depletion Climate Change Tropical Agriculture 25% of US oil consumption goes to agriculture (NOT including packaging, refrigeration, and trucking) Locally Grown Energy Carbon Sequestration A Better Burn Sustainable Soil Amendment CCRT Weeds = Fuel CCRT Traditional Hawaiian Values/Practices = Guidebook A Better Burn Gasification = ENERGY + char (carbon) Pyrolysis = energy + CHAR (carbon) Locally Grown Energy Carbon Sequestration Better Burn Sustainable Soil Amendment Rothampstead Data 100 year fallow following agriculture Soil carbon increased 300% 30 tons per acre Biochar lasts longer in soil B Carbon remaining (%) 100 Bio-char 50 Un-charred organic matter 10 1 2 3 Years Lehmann et al., 2006, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, in press 4 5 Carbon sequestration in soil A Biomass carbon 100% Energy Production Bio-char carbon 50% Biomass carbon 100% 100 years Biomass carbon 0% Bio-char carbon >40% Lehmann et al., 2006, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, in press Locally Grown Energy Carbon Sequestration Better Burn Sustainable Soil Amendment Amazonian Dark Earth Highly fertile compared to parent material Up to 70% of C is black C Adjacent soil ADE Photos by J. Major Increases Soil Surface Area 1 gram of charcoal = 400 square meters 1 ton of charcoal = 400,000 acres Nutrient RETENTION -1 Ammonium cumulative leaching [kg ha ] Decreased nutrient leaching 70 60 NH4+ Fertilized 50 40 30 biochar Fertilized+Charcoal 20 Unfertilized 10 0 10 20 30 Days Lehmann et al. 2003, Plant and Soil 249: 343-357 40 50 So t 40 20 10 Fe r ha r ha r ha r il+ C C C l 5 ha r on tro C C weight (grams) Biochar Trial - Tomato 25 20 15 10 5 0 So Fe rt ha r4 0 ha r2 0 ha r1 0 il+ C C C l 5 ha r on tro C C daily fruiting Biochar Trial Tomato 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Locally Grown Energy UH Biochar Project Sustainable Soil Amendment Carbon Sequestration Problem Holapu ke ahi, Koe iho ka lehu The fire blazed up, Then only ashes were left After a blaze of anger (greed), The ashes of remorse are left We are combustion junkies Goal Ho`oponopono Correct the imbalance Make it right 1. Reduce atmospheric CO2 levels by sequestering carbon in the form of biochar in soil 2. Become self reliant again for energy use and food production Objective Kuleana Assume responsibility 1. Burn local biomass for energy and carbon sequestration 2. Improve agricultural sustainability by biochar carbon sequestration Strategy Give people the knowledge and tools to be responsible Identify and demonstrate the use of non-native vegetation as fuel/carbon source Test and demonstrate small-scale gasification units that use local feedstock as fuel source Develop and test small-scale pyrolysis units that use local feedstock as fuel/carbon source Test biochar produced from different local feedstock Test biochar application rates for improved agricultural productivity Develop demonstration sites for integrated biomass harvesting, utilization, carbon sequestration, and biochar agriculture Promote the use if these techniques through research, demonstration, extension, and partnership with private enterprise Outcomes Recognition by government, business and the public, that nonnative vegetation is the only responsible fuel we have and that it must be intelligently but fully utilized Local production of responsible biomass combustion technology An annual doubling rate of increase in the use of small-scale biomass combustion (> 2000 by 2020 in Hawaii) Elimination of concept of greenwaste by diverting all to responsible combustion An annual doubling rate of increase in the sequestration of carbon through biochar emendation of agricultural soil (500 acres at minimum of 10 tons/acre in Hawaii by 2020)