Transcript History Of Nuclear Power in Brazil

Cooperation between Argentina and Brazil
on Nuclear Energy
Reactor Technology
Argentina =Natural Uranium + Heavy Water
Siemens and Candu Medium Size Units
Brazil = Enriched Uranium + Light Water
Westinghouse  Siemens Big Reactor
from Nuclear Agreement with
Germany
Recent Agreement
Uranium Enrichment  Ultracentrifugation
Bi-national Nuclear Reactor
Historical Agreement
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Argentina and Brazil ratified the Treaty of
Tlatelolco on the denuclearisation of Latin
America
ABACC, an agency for mutual inspections
of nuclear facilities in Brazil and Argentina,
was established
Argentina and Brazil
signed the NonProliferation Treaty and Brazil joined a
coalition for a new agenda in TNP
Alternative Sources of Energy
Brazilian Comparative
Advantages
Brazil has great component of renewable energy in the
energy matrix:
hydroelectric energy,
alcohol and other biofuels
The programs for alternative sources or conservation of
energy avoiding GHG emissions are:

Program of Eletrobrás to buy electric energy from wind +
biomass + small hydro = 3.3 GW started in 2003 (Proinfa)
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Biodiesel (Mix of 2% by law  5%) that involves Petrobrás
and other public and private companies

Incentives for flexible fuel cars = alcohol or gasoline
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Conservation of energy programs of Eletrobrás and of
Petrobrás (Procel and Conpete)
Renewable and Fossil Energy
%
100,00%
90,00%
80,00%
70,00%
60,00%
Renewable
Fossil
50,00%
40,00%
30,00%
20,00%
10,00%
0,00%
Brazil
World
OECD
Energy Transformation and Uses in Brazil
Oil
Natural Gas
Gasoline
Residential
Alcohol
Bagasse
Diesel
Services
Charcoal
Querosene
Transport
Hydro
Coal
Fuel Oil
Industrial
Biodiesel
Electric Energy
Wind
Alternatve
Sources
Large Scale
Renewable
Energy
Nuclear
Agriculture
Solar
Wastes
Biofuels
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Brazilian Alcohol Program
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Recent meeting of the USA President Bush
with the Brazil President Lula for
International cooperation on biofuels
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Biodiesel Program
Biofuel Policy in Brazil
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Successful program of sugar cane ethanol in substitution for gasoline.
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Advantage of burning sugar cane bagasse in the distillation process of
ethanol, avoiding net greenhouse gas emission.
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Meeting of Presidents Lula and Bush in 2007 and recent Visit of
President Lula to European Countries for international cooperation on
biofuels.
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In the US and EU production of ethanol from corn, fossil fuel is used
in the distillation process emitting GHG.

New Biodiesel Program intends to stimulate family agriculture
Biofuels – Carbon Cycle
Ethanol 2006
Production
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EUA
18378 millions l
Brasil
17000
China
3850
India
1900
France
950
Germany
765
Russia
647
Canada
579
Spain
462
South Africa 386
Exportation of Brazil
EUA
1749 millions l
Netherland 344
Japan
228
Sweden
201
El Salvador 183
Jamaica
133
Venezuela 103
TOTAL
3417
BIODIESEL
Ref: Suzana K. Ribeiro, COPPE, 2006
FINAL USE OF BIODIESEL:`
PURE
B(100)
MIX
B(2), B(5), B(20)...
ELECTRIC
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
BIODIESEL
Problems in Energy and Climate in Brazil
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The concentration of biodiesel production from soy bean.
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International concern on exportation of ethanol and land use
competition with food agriculture.
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The job conditions of workers in sugar cane plantation has to be
improved to include human dimension besides the environmental
one.
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Biofuels use must not drop the issue of technical and social
efficiency in transport.
The issue of land use for biofuels
and competittion with food in Brazil:
- Present sugar cane production – 7 millions ha
about half for sugar , so for ethanol - 4 millions ha
- For comparison : Soy bean – 23 millions ha
cattle – more than 100 millions ha
- Present sugar cane plantations are not in North were there is the
Amazon forest.
-
No problem for internal market:
fuel consumption of cars = ½ gasoline + ½ ethanol
it is possible to double ethanol production without big problem.
Criticism and Proposal
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It is necessary to think about a Climate Change Policy not to try to
avoid global warming without any change in business as usual
energy consumption and deforestation, from which comes the
biggest contribution of Brazil to GHG World emissions.
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Climate Change Policy must be devoted to find realistic solution for:
- changes in the intensive energy production and
consumption pattern
- protect population against effects of climate change
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It is necessary to pay more attention to technology development
aside the scientific research on climate change.
COPPE – The Graduate School of Engineering of
the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Academic Departments of COPPE
Newtonian
Engineering
Maxwellian
Engineering
Einsteinian
Engineering
Keynesian
Engineering
Civil
Mechanical
Ocean
Electric
Computing
Biomedical
Chemical
Materials
Nuclear
Production
Transport
Energy Planning
COPPETEC Foundation
project contracts
involving departments
Structures of COPPE dedicated
to Climate Change:
IVIG - for technology
inovation & planning
Centroclima- for environmental
planning
COPPE has about 3000 M Sc and D Sc students, 300 full time professors
Budget of COPPETEC= US$ 75 Millions
Biodiesel Plant of IVIG/COPPE
Electric Energy from Waste at
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
30 t/day
The project of COPPE for electric energy generation from sea waves