Transcript Elenergiteknik - elgenerering

From Renewables to
Electrical Power and
Fungible Energy
Lecture, at NTNU Trondheim, Nov. 6, 2002, in
Electric Conversion in Sustainable Energy '02
by
Lars Gertmar
Professor, LTH/IEA — Corporate Senior Scientist, ABB
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 1
Introduction
• Electrical Energy
is a Commodity
• There is no Green-power
2000
or Black-power
• Power & Energy have Environmental Impacts
• "Fungible" is a law/business term for
"Interchangeable"
• Electric Essentials are Power Electronics,
Electrical Machines & Drives, and
Automation
• Lars
Mechanical
Drive Trains and Energy Storage
play
Gertmar
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
roles
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 2
• Commodity, “a standard product”:
– Something useful that can be turned to commercial or other advantage
– An article of trade or commerce that can be transported Am. Heritage Dictionary
• There is no Green-power or Black-power, but:
Power & Energy have Environmental Impacts / Climate Change:
Environment: The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development
and survival of an organism.
Ecological Balance: A state of dynamic equilibrium within a community of
organisms in which genetic, species and ecosystem diversity remain relatively
stable, subject to gradual changes through natural succession.
Ecological Impact: The effect that a man-made or natural activity has on living
organisms and their non-living (abiotic) environment.
Externalities: Benefits or costs, generated as a byproduct of an economic
activity, that do not accrue to the parties involved in the activity.
Environmental externalities are benefits or costs that manifest themselves
through changes in the physical or biological environment.
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 3
terminology from
http://environment.about.com/library/weekly/blgloss.htm
Electrical Energy is a Commodity
Climate Change
Climate Change: This term is commonly used interchangeably with "global warming"
and "the greenhouse effect," but is a more descriptive term.
• Climate change refers to the buildup of man-made gases in the atmosphere that trap
the suns heat, causing changes in weather patterns on a global scale.
• The effects include changes in rainfall patterns, sea level rise, potential droughts,
habitat loss, and heat stress.
• The greenhouse gases of most concern are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous
oxides. If these gases in our atmosphere double, the earth could warm up by
1.5 to 4.5 degrees by the year 2050, with changes in global precipitation having
the greatest consequences.
Ecosystem: The interacting synergism of all living organisms in a particular
environment; every plant, insect, aquatic animal, bird, or land species that
forms a complex web of interdependency.
An action taken at any level in the food chain, use of a pesticide for example,
has a potential domino effect on every other occupant of that system.
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 4
http://environment.about.com/library/weekly/blgloss.htm
Climate: The typical or expected (average) weather pattern, as opposed to the actual
weather at any given instant.
Carbon dioxide CO2 concentration and
temperature: evidence from ice cores
atmospheric CO2
close to doubled
“... 2.1 There is now a broad scientific
consensus that the climate is changing as a
result of burning fossil fuels. ...”
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 5
Excerpt from Figure 2-V in Energy - The Changing Climate
THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION'S 22nd REPORT:
http://www.rcep.org.uk/newenergy.html Chapter 2 is enclosed as Acrobat document
On CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE:
Renewable / Distributed
power generation
9) Electric Power Systems Research 57 (2001) 195–204:
Distributed generation: a definition, by
Thomas Ackermann, Göran Andersson,
Lennart Söder; Table 1, slightly changed
10) There are several adjectives:
distributed,
decentralized (decentralised),
dispersed,
embedded
400
which might confuse.
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 6
"Fungible" is a law (business) term
• fungible, “interchangeable”
adj. Law of goods or commodities; freely exchangeable
for or replaceable by another of like nature or kind in the
satisfaction of an obligation http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn/?stage=1&word=fungible
adj. Law (of goods etc. contracted for, when an individual
specimen is not meant) that can serve for, or be replaced by,
another answering to the same definition Am. Heritage Dictionary
• "Fungible" comes from the Latin "fungibilis," which in
turn came from the Latin phrase "fungi vice," meaning
"to serve in place of."
http://www.word-detective.com/110999.html#fungible
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 7
…. Modern power industry is particularly difficult to understand
because of the dichotomy [=the division into two classes] between
electricity’s business and physical manifestations. From the
business perspective, electric power is a fungible commodity,
something that can be traded much like oil, wheat, or coffee, and
for which future markets and hedging systems can and do exist.
But in its physical manifestation, electricity is quite unlike all
other traded commodities. Perhaps the fundamental
difference is that it cannot be stored to any significant degree.
This greatly affects how it must be managed as a business asset,
and greatly constrains how its present and future market prices do
or don’t interact, as compared to other commodities.
In a large part due to its “storage-less” nature ...
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 8
Restructured Electrical Power Systems: Operation, Trading, and Volatility
H. Lee Willis, ABB Electric Systems Technology Institute, Raleigh, NC, US
H. Lee Willis, Editor of Marcel Dekker’s Series of Power Engineering,
Willis’ Series Introduction, page iii in Mohammed Shahidehpour and Muwaffaq Alomoush:
On Fungible, Commodity & Storage
Power Electronics, Electrical Machines and
Drives are essentials in utilization and
generation (1)
• Energy from the Wind for Advanced Industrial Utilization
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 9
Power Electronics, Electrical Machines and
Drives are essentials in utilization and
generation (2)
• Energy from CHP or Rains for Advanced Industrial Utilization
Three Options:
• Gas Turbine:
• HVAC Cable:
• HVDC Light:
Troll A pre-compression — Kollsnes
no CO2 reduction, lowest cost, high loss
CO2 free, bulky
CO2 free  chosen
HVDC Light
Environmental evaluation
Increased generation efficiency
Reduction of CO2 by 80 % plus
Reduction of SOx, NOx
Troll A
~
Economical evaluation
 Life Cycle Cost, LCC
138kV
SM
=
MotorFormer
4-pole, 40MW
0 - 65 Hz
~
Torque
Speed
56kV

HVDC Light
40 MW
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
56kV
HVDC Light
Kollsnes
=

70 km
+/- 60kV
Fungible Power
1250-1900 rpm
PF=1.0

CHP or
Hydro
Power
Important parameters:
 life time
 efficiency
 interest
 energy price
 gas price
 environmental f(r)ee
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 10
Automation
• The integration of measurement,
control, and information technologies
to manage a process, equipment, or a complex system.
• A means to improve the quality, productivity, safety,
and consistency of a repetitive or a foreseen series of
operations.
• A controlled operation of an apparatus, process,
or system by mechanical or electronic devices
that is replacing or supervening human organs
of observation, effort, and decision.
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 11
Mechanical Drive Trains &
Energy Storage play roles
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 12
NO: bærekraftig energi
DK: vedvarende energi , VE
SE: hållbar(a) energi(system)
uthållig teknik
Materials & Economy
are fundamental
Energy & Environment
Informatics
Physics
Chemistry
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Industrial IT
Automation
Sustainability Affairs
Electrical Engineering
& Electronics
Mathematics
Materials
Mechanics
Economy
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 13
Some web addresses and other sources
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) is a program of the International Energy
Agency (IEA http://www.iea.org)
IEA’s ETDE World Energy Base, ETDEWEB http://www.etde.org/etdeweb/ is a
general web on energy and especially on energy research activities like small-scale
hydro and nuclear. ETDEWEB holds on-line reports.
 Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.,
http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eeee/
 Encyclopœdia Britannica DVD 2000, http://www.britannica.com/ http://www.eb.com/
 http://www.electricitystorage.org/ a rename of the former Energy Storage Association
 http://www.innogy.com/ which is the former UK company National Power
 IEA’s web http://www.iea.org
A special solar electricity conference with the address http://www.iea.org/venice/
IEA has furthermore several solar sites http://www.iea-pvps.org http://www.pvdatabase.com/
 Biomass, Wind & Solar are massive on the web while Tidal & Wave are difficult to find on the web
 National boards & ministry labs, e.g. www.stem.se , www.energistyrelsen.dk & www.nrel.doe.gov
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 14
Fungible
Energy
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 15
The picture is changed and originally titled How primary energy is transformed into mechanical energy at the wheel
Fuel Cells are Converters, no basic Energy Sources. — Fuel Cells: Hydrogen, H2, is ONE
input; DC Electricity is ONE output — Hydrogen, H2 is an intermediate Energy Carrier.
Ulrich Eberl, Fuel Cells for Everyone, Siemens Research & Innovation 2/98
http://w4.siemens.de/FuI/en/archiv/zeitschrift/heft2_98/artikel05/index.html
Systems & methods for el. generation
From Renewables to Electrical Power
and Fungible Energy: Conclusions
• Electrical Energy is a Valuable & Widespread
Commodity
• Power & Energy have Environmental Impacts
• "Fungible" is a law/business term for "Interchangeable"
• Essentials are
Power Electronics,
Electrical Machines and Drives
• Mechanical Drive Trains and Energy Storage play
roles
• Automation/IndustrialIT, Materials and Economy are key
issues
• Lars
Most
essential are “externalities” & “next
Gertmar
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
generations”
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 16
Automation  Industrial IT
DG & RE facilities need realtime Industrial IT
which includes transaction processing
Management of
energy production
& power grid
Transaction
character
Automation
and control
Data-com
Energy production & power grid
execution systems
Planning & scheduling
Process
control
Coactive
conversion
.
Production &
T&D capability
3-f
Process
Real-time
character
Lars Gertmar
Västerås/Lund 2002-11-06
Data-com.,
measurement,
actuation, and
energy collection
ACM
P.M.
Transmission lines
Wind turbines
Solar panels
Power grid &
Power plants
CHP, m -turbines
Refuse burners
Fuel cells
Sensors
& Meters
Generators &
Power
electronics
Reactive power
&
Energy storage
Lecture at NTNU, Trondheim
© Lars Gertmar, 2002 Page 17