Transcript Slide 1

Life on the margins:
the inequality of food and nutrition security
FOOD AND NUTRITION (IN)SECURITY
PowerPoint presentation by
Médecins Sans Frontières / Doctors Without Borders
(MSF) UK
Schools Team: Mary Doherty and Severa von Wentzel
January 2014
FOOD AND NUTRITION (IN)SECURITY
Food security
and insecurity
Food security: a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have
physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food
that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy
life. Based on this definition, four security dimensions can be identifies: food
availability, economic and physical access to food, food utilisation and stability
over time.
Food insecurity A situation that exists when people lack secure access to
sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and
development and an active and health life. IT may be caused by the
unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution
or inadequate use of food at the household level. Food insecurity, poor
conditions of health and sanitation and inappropriate care and feeding
practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status. Food insecurity may
be chronic, seasonal or transitory.
Clip on food insecurity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z76ljy6uNZk
Source: FAO “Undernourishment around the world”, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0876e/i0876e02.pdf;
Source:http://www.unscn.org/files/Statements/Bdef_NutCC_2311_final.pdf
Nutrition security
Nutrition security is a tributary of food security. People need enough to eat
and they need enough of the right kind of foods when they need them. That is,
nutrient needs are met for each individual according to their needs, and
nutrient needs vary through the life cycle.
• Since the nutritional needs vary by age, gender, whether pregnant/breast
feeding , nutrition security must be analysed either individual by
individual or at least by vulnerable group: pregnant and breast feeding
women, infants 0-6 months, infants 6-23 months, adolescent girls,
adolescent boys to a lesser extent, and individuals with chronic illness.
• Vulnerability is both socio-economic (less economic power) and physiologic
(higher nutrient demands): for example, a poor 18-month-old child is more
vulnerable than a poor 18-year-old adult.
• Nutrition security combines food security with sanitary environment,
adequate health services and proper care and feeding practices.
Dimensions of
food security (FAO)
Food security is a complex concept. It has four pillars and many indicators. There
are complex correlations between the many parameters.
Further info and source: FAO “Undernourishment around the world”,
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0876e/i0876e02.pdf; An introduction to the basic concepts of Food Security
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al936e/al936e00.pdf
Food Security Risk
•
•
•
The Maplecroft Food Security Risk Index measures quality and safety,
affordability and availability.
The Food Security Index map is similar to the Maplecroft.
The Famine Early Warning Systems Network works at a finer scale than
Maplecroft.
Further info
• “Food is the ultimate security need, new map shows”
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/damian-carrington-blog/2011/aug/31/food-security-prices-conflict#
• About FEWS: http://www.fews.net/docs/special/fews-net-brochure-en.pdf)
Maps
• Maplecroft Map Risk Index 2013 http://reliefweb.int/map/world/world-food-security-risk-index-2013
• Food security Index map 2013 http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/graphic/2012/oct/10/food-securityrisk-index-map
• Interactive chart: http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Index
contents
Maplecroft
Food Security Risk Index
Availability
Access
FOOD
FAO food security
dimensions
Utilisation
Stability
• The dimensions are still framed as a problem of under-consumption,
an outdated paradigm, rather than one of growing malnutrition
where hunger and obesity are the same side of the coin.
• Utilisation does refer to health in the sense of nutrition, but the
dimensions do not mention the environment or sustainability.
• Major reports* on food security do mention the environment and
sustainability and share a common sense of urgency about
environmental, economic, socio-cultural trends and pressures, but
write little on health.
*E.g., IAASTD/World Bank & FAO (2008); Chatham House (2008);
FAO HighLevel Task Force (2008); French Agrimonde (2010); UK Foresight (2011)
Source: “Food Security and Sustainability: One Can’t Make an Omelette Without Cracking Some Eggs” http://vimeo.com/24914046
Eco-nutrition security
There is growing recognition that the international focus
should move from food security not just to nutrition security,
but ultimately to eco-nutrition security. The term and
concept captures the relationship between food, human health,
environment, agriculture and economic development.
Eco-nutrition focuses on
• Total diet
• Verifiable standards
• Sustainability
• Seasonality
• Full-cost accounting including the economic, social and
environmental costs
Food security model
with ecology and sustainability
Model about how to provide the food, water and energy to sustain human
health and social well-being whilst sustaining resources and the
environment
Source: Oshaug, A and L.Haddad “Nutrition and Agriculture”,
http://www.unsystem.org/scn/Publications/foundation4dev/06Agriculture.pdf
Direct causes
Economic
Factors affecting
food security and
sustainability
Indirect root
causes
Price volatility
Externalised costs (cost of production
or consumption off loaded onto third
party)
Energy reliance
Action for students:
Socio-cultural
Aspirations for more: rise of middle
classes and changed food tastes
Inequalities
Globalisation
Environmental
Natural disasters (e.g., floods, drought), Climate change
Land use
Biodiversity:
Water
Health
Place and group factors in the table.
Some may fit more than one cause.
Population growth; Inequality of: income,
access, gender;
Infrastructure and services
Healthcare; Land security / tenure (e.g.
land grabs); Source of food supply, food
stocks, hoarding, waste;
Governance, corruption, debt repayments,
trade restrictions and subsidies;
Conflict, IDPs, refugees;
Degradation, desertification, deforestation,
overcropping, overgrazing, urban sprawl,
pests, pollution;
The slides on factors of the global food
crisis may be helpful.
Malnutrition, non-communicable
diseases, health care costs
Source: IAASTD / World Bank & FAO (2008) ; Source: “Food Security and Sustainability: One Can’t Make an Omelette Without Cracking Some Eggs”
http://vimeo.com/24914046; Edexcel Student Guide Unit 4, Option 3; http://www.edexcel.com/migrationdocuments/GCE%20New%20GCE/Unit-4-Option-3-Life-on-themargins-Food-supply-problem-final.ppt.
Challenges to
food and nutrition supply and security
•
Demographic challenges - Population growth, urbanisation, insecurity and
conflict stemming from urban areas and mostly from developing countries will mean
more demand for better food and need for good infrastructure and good governance
(institutions, government capacity, security of property rights, functioning legal and
tax system)
•
Climate change is affecting food production patterns and may place regions and
countries most vulnerable to food insecurity at even greater risk. Need for ecosystem
perspective.
•
Agriculture and bio fuel, a transport fuel made from biomass. US and EU mandates
for ethanol production have contributed to increasing demands and are likely to
continue pushing up food prices as they divert crops toward the production of fuel.
Bio fuel has become more competitive player as a producer of energy and alternative
outlet for agricultural production because of rising oil prices and concern for fuel
emissions (Kyoto protocol).
•
Food prices have been notably higher since 2000 than in the previous two decades,
They continue to be volatile. Volatility and higher food prices lead poor households to
consume food of lower nutritional value, entrenching them in a cycle of poor nutrition.
Further info on policy responses to food price volatility:
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1011/FVP/CFS_FVP_Policy_Responses.pdf
Source: http://www.who.int/pmnch/media/press_materials/pr/2012/201205_g20_watch/en/index4.html
Food insecurity
factors in the UK (1)
Source: http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/pdf/food-assess100105.pdf
Food insecurity factors
in the UK (2)
Source: http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/pdf/food-assess100105.pdf
Food insecurity
factors in the drylands
According to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification
Internal drivers:
Worsening factors:
•
•
•
•
• High prices on the
commodity market
• Lack of investment
• Governance issues and
land grabbing
• Lack of regional
cooperation and conflicts
• Migration
• Climate change
•
•
•
•
Inherent poor soil
Water scarcity
Land degradation
Low growth on agricultural
yields
Population growth
Poverty
Gender
Malnutrition
Further info and source: http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/ThematicPriorities/Food-Sec/Pages/Internal-factors.aspx
Food security
mind map
Action for students:
Create your own mind map of all issues involved at global and local scales in food
security using the previous slides for reference.
• Discuss food insecurity as chronic, temporary, sporadic or seasonal, rare/common
to compare areas in terms of their vulnerability to food insecurity.
• Discuss why socio-economic factors often exert a very significant impact on the
geography of food security; often more so than climate, soil or geographical
factors?
• Explain why drylands can be food insecure, but also can be food secure and give
examples.
Note for students: The Jan 2010 exam question asked students to discuss
management strategies at ‘all scales’ Examiners commented there was a lack of
awareness of what is meant by ‘all scales’ Make sure you are aware!
More equitable
regional and global trade
•
•
•
•
•
To meet the food and livelihood security needs of developing countries,
establish more equitable regional and global trade arrangements to enable
rural communities and developing countries;
To address global equity and biodiversity issues, revise intellectual
property laws toward a more equitable system with recognition of farmers’
rights to save and exchange seeds;
To improve corporate accountability* and help ensure that public sector
research responds to public interest goals, enforce strong codes of
conduct to guide public-private partnerships;
To help break up the monopoly control of the food system, establish
and strengthen international competition rules and anti-trust regulations; to
enforce labour standards and regulation
To strengthen local and regional food systems, establish local policy
councils.
* Accountability making use of information to hold decision-makers to account for their actions and promises.
Source: IAASTD Factsheet http://www.globalonenessproject.org/sites/default/files/downloads/IAASTD%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf
DISASTERS:
NATURAL AND MAN-MADE
Humanitarian
emergencies
Humanitarian emergencies are likely to affect more
people in the coming decades for many reasons, including
• Rapid population growth, particularly in disaster-prone areas.
• Continued mass urbanisation, often unplanned and unsafe.
• Climate change and climate-related disasters because of its
effects on sea levels, global rainfall and storm patterns – an
estimated 375 million people will be affected every year by
2015 compared to 263 million in 2010.
Hazard, Disaster or
Emergency
• A hazard is natural or human-made event that adversely affects human life, property or
activity. Meteorological hazards make up most of the natural hazard events. In addition to
the rise in weather-related natural hazards, more reporting thanks to better
communication may make it seem like the frequency and destruction of natural hazards
and disasters are increasing more than they actually are.
• “A disaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of existence and causing a
level of suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected
community.”(WHO/EHA 2002)
• Impacts can be direct or indirect; short or long-term; tangible or intangible; negative
or positive.
• Caused by the impacts of disasters, whether man-made, natural or both, humanitarian
emergencies call for urgent and immediate relief or aid. The can be complex with
multiple effects and impacts. Impacts can be physical, social or economic.
Impact of natural hazards on food security
compounded by human factors
Source: http://www.ifpri.org/blog/price-spikes-volatility-and-globalfood-markets
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
ON FOOD SECURITY
Climate change
Image DOHA: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JC9RaD_Ybn4/ULQuZzrggOI/AAAAAAAABpo/oy2bLbqhku4/s1600/COP+18
CMP8-4.jpg; Image Falling off the scale http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21574461-climate-may-be-heating
up-less-response-greenhouse-gas-emissions
The negative impact
of climate change on food security
Climate change has wide-ranging impacts, including on water resources,
agriculture and food security. It affects food and nutrition security in that it
makes:
•
•
•
Natural disasters more frequent and intense
Water scarcer and harder to access
– Changing rainfall patterns are likely to cause severe water shortages
and/or flooding as well as accelerate land degradation.
– Melting of glaciers are likely to lead to flooding and soil erosion.
Increases in productivity harder to achieve.
– Rising temperatures will cause shifts in crop growing seasons, which
affect food security, and changes will place more people at risk from
diseases.
Source: World Bank, “Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management”
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/EXTTOOLKIT3/0,,contentMDK:22285979~menuPK:6409827~pagePK
:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3646251,00.html)
Climate change and
food and nutrition security
“Climate change impacts will disproportionately fall on people
living in tropical regions, and particularly on the most
vulnerable and marginalised population groups. This is the
injustice of climate change – the worst of the impacts are felt
by those who contributed least to causing the problem.“ Robinson, the former Irish president (http://www.mrfcj.org/media/pdf/HNCJ-ConferenceReport.pdf)
Regions already sensitive to water shortages and extreme
weather events have limited resources to cope with the
impact of climate change and the added pressure of
increasing populations.
As soon as 2030 negative impacts of climate change on
local food security for several crops and regions are
expected to become significant with South Asia, Southern
Africa, the West African Sahel and Brazil projected to be
most affected.
Action for students:
Read about the effect
of climate change on
food security
worldwide. Why are
the poorest and most
vulnerable most
affected?
The Guardian “How a
warming World is a
threat to our food
supplies”, 13 April
2013,
http://www.theguardian.com/envi
ronment/2013/apr/13/climatechange-threat-foodsupplies?INTCMP=SRCH
Agriculture and
climate change
Agriculture is expected to be affected most by climate change, which is in turn
affected in part by our consumption choices. (see WWF clip on the effect of our choices
on climate change and resources http://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/changing_the_way_we_live/food/)
The causes of climate change are largely man-made:
• Increased emissions of greenhouse gases because of burning of fossil fuels
• Deforestation of rainforests
• Methane from agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions (mostly from nitrogen
losses from fertilisers and manure)
“Modern farms produce particulate matter and gases that affect the
environment and human health and add to rising atmospheric greenhouse-gas
levels. European policymakers have made progress in controlling these
emissions, but US regulations remain inadequate.” A Meat Eater’s Guide to Climate Change
and Health by Environmental Working Group
http://static.ewg.org/reports/2011/meateaters/pdf/report_ewg_meat_eaters_guide_to_health_and_climate_2011.pdf
Projected change in agricultural
production due to climate change
“Climate
change affects
agricultural
production
through its
effects on the
timing, intensity
and variability
of rainfall and
shifts in
temperatures
and carbon
dioxide
concentrations”
(Guardian Apr 13 2013)
Source: http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/10701/Climate_food_commission-SPM-Nov2011.pdf?sequence=6;
Source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/13/climate-change-threat-food-supplies?INTCMP=SRCH
Food security in the
face of climate change
Action for students: Read the
executive summary and make a note
of how different issues are linked
http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/1070
1/Climate_food_commission-SPMNov2011.pdf?sequence=6
Climate change:
Africa, Asia and Oceania
Further info and source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/apr/13/climate-change-threat-food-supplies?INTCMP=SRCH
Impact of climate change,
vulnerability and adaptive capacity: Asia
Source: OECD “Poverty and Climate change”, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf
Impact of climate change,
vulnerability and adaptive capacity: Africa
Source: OECD “Poverty and Climate change”, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf
Potential impacts of
climate change on MDGs (1)
Source: OECD “ Poverty and Climate change”, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf
Potential impacts of
climate change on MDGs (2)
Source: OECD “ Poverty and Climate change”, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf
THE IMPACT OF CONFLICT
ON FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY
Fragile states
Protracted crises
Fragile states and protracted crises require
special and immediate attention as well as longterm responses to protect and promote people’s
livelihoods, support institutions and improve food
security.
Fragile States “fundamental failure of the state to perform
functions necessary to meet citizens’ basic needs and
expectations. Fragile states are commonly described as incapable
of assuring basic security, maintaining rule of law and justice, or
providing basic services and economic opportunities for their
citizens” (http://www.gsdrc.org/go/fragile-states/chapter-1-understanding-fragile-states/definitions-and-typologies-of-fragilestates)
Protracted crisis are “those environments in which a significant
proportion of the population is acutely vulnerable to death,
disease and disruption of livelihoods over a prolonged period of
time. The governance of these environments is usually very weak,
with the state having a limited capacity to respond to, and
mitigate, the threats to the population, or provide adequate levels
of protection.” (www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e03.pdf)
Source and images: www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e03.pdf; http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e00.pdf
Protracted crises,
agriculture and rural economy
In protracted crises, investment of aid in agriculture and the rural economy is
especially important to support key sectors for supporting livelihoods to support
immediate needs and address structural issues.
Source: Groundswell International “Escaping the hunger cycle: Pathways to resilience in the Sahel”, http://www.ealliance.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/docs/Publications/Food/2012/Escaping_the_Hunger_Cycle_English.pdf;
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e00.pdf
Fragile states
“By 2030 nearly two thirds of the world’s poor will be living in
states now deemed “fragile” (like Congo and Somalia). Much of
the rest will be in middle income countries. This poses a double
dilemma for donors: middle income countries do not really need aid,
while fragile states cannot use it properly.” “Briefing Poverty: Not always with us”, The Economist,
June1st 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21578643-world-has-astonishing-chance-take-billion-people-out-extreme-poverty-2030-not
“In Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea, human failings mean a severe
drought has tipped millions into famine. It's a textbook case of why
things go wrong. War begets poverty, leaving food unaffordable.
Devastated infrastructure destroys both food production and
the ability to truck in emergency food. The collapse of society
means the effects of extreme weather such as drought cannot be
dealt with. And the fear of violence turns people into refugees,
leaving their livelihoods and social networks behind.”
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/damian-carringtonblog/2011/aug/31/food-security-prices-conflict# )
State Fragility
Index 2011
Image: http://www.systemicpeace.org/CTfig19.htm
Protracted crises and
food insecurity
Source: FAO Countries in protracted crisis: what are they and why do they deserve special attention?
www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e03.pdf
Countries in
protracted crisis
Action for students:
1. Read FAO’s “Countries in protracted crisis: what are they and
why do they deserve special attention?”
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e00.htm
2. Watch Franco Pagetti's film "The Malnutrition that Shouldn't Be"
which shows the daily struggle to survive in Congo's North Kivu
region, where conflict is making food fatally
scarce http://www.msf.org.uk/article/malnutrition-shouldnt-be-starved-attention
3. What are the common features?
4. How are women and men affected differently?
Crisis threshold,
unrest and conflict
“The big threats
over the coming
decade are the
ones we already
face: conflict
first and
foremost, a
variety of
natural
disasters, and
major
macroeconomic
disruptions. The
climate scientists
don’t talk
seriously of
change over the
course of a
decade.” Christopher Barrett
http://www.irinnews.org/
report/98469/analysisthe-future-of-food-aid
Further info and Sources:
World Bank Food Price Watch
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPOVERTY/Resources/336991-1311966520397/Food-Price-Watch-April-2012.htm;
The Guardian “Food riot fear after rice price hits high”, 6 April 2008, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/apr/06/food.foodanddrink
Conflict, refugees
and food insecurity
Action for students:
In Southern Sudan, by the Congolese border, MSF teams assist tens of thousands of
Congolese refugees and internally displaced Sudanese fleeing violent attacks by Ugandan
rebel group, the Lords Resistance Army (LRA).
1. Look at Photographer Brendan Bannon’s reflections on his visit to the area,
25 August,
2011, 5m24s;
http://media.msf.org/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult_VPage&VBID=24BHZO8ZVX&SMLS=1&RW=1280&RH=899
2. Watch a month in focus on the refugee crisis in Southern Sudan
http://www.msf.org.uk/article/video-month-focus-july-2012
3. Watch Franco Pagetti's film "The Malnutrition that Shouldn't Be" which shows the daily
struggle to survive in Congo's North Kivu region, where conflict is making food fatally
scarce http://www.msf.org.uk/article/malnutrition-shouldnt-be-starved-attention
Conflict and drought
hotspots
Source: http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/reports/Implications_overall_vulnerability_south_asia_2.jpg
Stranded in the Sahel:
Mali and Mauritania
Action for students: Use the
resources below to add to or
construct a fact sheet for a mini case
study of food production, food
security, food supply, and the impact
of desertification in the Sahel.
Compare your fact sheet with a
partner, amend your fact sheet if
appropriate
Stranded in the Desert:
http://www.msf.org.uk/document/stranded-desert
Conflict in Mali affects Sahel region
http://www.msf.org.uk/article/mali-death-andhunger-among-refugees-mauritania
http://www.msf.org.uk/article/sahel-malianrefugees-dire-conditions-across-region
Refugee camp:
Dadaab, Kenya
The Dadaab camps, in Kenya’s north-eastern province, were established 20
years ago to shelter refugees fleeing violence in neighbouring Somalia.
Dadaab holds the shameful title of the largest refugee camp in the world.
Envisaged as a temporary solution to house refugees from Somalia’s civil war,
the Dadaab refugee camps are now 20 years old, and have become a
permanent home for the majority of those who have sought shelter there.
In Dagahaley – one of the five camps of Dadaab – hunger is still a daily reality
for many refugees. In one of MSF’s health posts, hundreds of people have
come to get medical assistance. Years of living without a functioning health
system in Somalia have left their mark.
Action for students: Watch the clip on the refugee camp. Make notes
on the long journey of the refugees. http://passthrough.fwnotify.net/download/183988/http://olstreaming.s3.amazonaws.com/MSF/WebHigh/b/9/0/1/MSF117419.mp4
Also available as a report: http://www.msf.org.uk/sites/uk/files/Shadows_of_Lives_Dadaab_report_201206144447.pdf
Somalia's refugees arrive
“In Somalia, Ethiopia and
Eritrea, human failings mean
a severe drought has tipped
millions into famine. It's a
textbook case of why things
go wrong. War begets
poverty, leaving food
unaffordable. Devastated
infrastructure destroys both
food production and the
ability to truck in emergency
food. The collapse of society
means the effects of extreme
weather such as drought
cannot be dealt with. And the
fear of violence turns people
into refugees, leaving their
livelihoods and social
networks behind.”
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/damiancarringtonblog/2011/aug/31/food-securitypricesconflict# )
Photos: Lynsey Addario/VII
Most families fleeing Somalia arrive exhausted, hungry, and
with little to no belongings after making sometimes a
month-long journey often on foot
Make shift shelter
A typical Somali refugee dwelling stands in a makeshift settlement on the
outskirts of the Dagahaley Refugee Camp in Dadaab, Kenya. Severe
overcrowding in the camp, and the influx of Somali refugees every day has
given rise to informal camps, many of which lack basic services.
Photo: Brendan Bannon
Lynsey Addario/VII
Further info:
Testimonies from Somalia:
http://www.msf.org.uk/sites/uk/files/Somalia_He
arMyVoice_2013_201302205129.pdf
Photo: Michael Goldfarb
MSF resource
TEACHER RESOURCE
SLIDES
Conceptual framework
for food and nutrition security
Action for students:
Discuss this framework
and annotate it keeping
in mind
Places, People and
Power
.
Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf
Source:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i
3434e/i3434e.pdf
Impact of natural hazards on food security
compounded by human factors
Source: http://www.ifpri.org/blog/price-spikes-volatility-and-globalfood-markets
Percentage of
population in urban areas (2011)
Source: http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf
Accelerated and
declining city growth rate
Cities do not inevitably grow. Urban growth and decay are two
sides of the same coin: urban change.
Source: http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_PopDist/Moreno.pdf
Source: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp229182.pdf
Source:
http://www.fao.org/resources/infograp
hics/infographicsdetails/en/c/180754/