Transcript Literary Terms - cloudfront.net

Literary Terms
For writing about fiction
Antagonist:
 A character in a story or poem who deceives,
frustrates, or works against the main character, or
protagonist, in some way. The antagonist does not
necessarily have to be an person. It could be death,
the devil, an illness, or any challenge that prevents
the main character from living “happily ever after."
Connotation:
 An association that comes along with a particular
word. Connotations relate not to a word’s actual
meaning, or denotation, but rather to the ideas or
qualities that are implied by that word—the word’s
“emotional” impact (for example, consider the
connotative differences between the phrases
“climate change” versus “global warming”).
Denotation:
 The exact meaning of a word, without the feelings
or suggestions that the word may imply. It is the
opposite of “connotation” in that it is the
“dictionary” meaning of a word, without attached
feelings or associations. The dictionary definition.
Figurative language:
 A type of language that varies from the norms of
literal language, in which words mean exactly what
they say. Figurative language does not mean exactly
what it says, but instead forces the reader to make
an imaginative leap in order to comprehend an
author’s point. It usually involves a comparison
between two things that may not, at first, seem to
relate to one another. Similes and metaphors are
examples of figurative language.
Narrator:
 One who tells a story, the speaker or the “voice” of
an oral or written work. Although it can be, the
narrator is not usually the same person as the
author. The narrator is one of three types of
characters in a given work, (1) participant
(protagonist or participant in any action that may
take place in the story); (2) observer (someone who
is indirectly involved in the action of a story); or (3)
non participant (one who is not at all involved in
any action of the story).
Protagonist:
 A protagonist is considered to be the main character
or lead figure in a novel, play, story, or poem. It
may also be referred to as the “hero” of a work.
Setting:
 The time, place, physical details, and circumstances
in which a situation occurs. Settings include the
background, atmosphere, or environment in which
characters live and move, and usually include
physical characteristics of the surroundings.
Settings enable the reader to better envision how a
story unfolds by relating necessary physical details
of a piece of literature. A setting may be simple or
elaborate, used to create ambiance, lend credibility
or realism, emphasize or accentuate, organize, or
even distract the reader.
Ecocriticism
 In her introduction to The
Ecocriticism Reader, Cheryll
Glotfelty defines ecocriticism as
follows:
 “Ecocriticism is the study of the
relationship between literature and
the physical environment . . . [it]
takes an earth-centered approach to
literary studies.
Ecocriticism is the study of
the way that works of
literature depict the
environment and
environmental issues.
 Ecocritics and theorists ask questions
like the following: How is nature
represented in this sonnet? What
role does the physical setting play in
the plot of this novel? Are the values
expressed in this play consistent
with ecological wisdom? How do our
metaphors of the land influence the
way we treat it? How can we
characterize nature writing as a
genre?”
Rhetorical Analysis
Analyzing texts
The main goal…
 … of a rhetorical analysis is to employ critical
reading skills in order to examine how an author
writes, what rhetorical techniques s/he employs,
and how the text functions. A rhetorical analysis is
an essay that breaks a text into parts and then
explains how the parts work together to create a
certain effect—whether to persuade, entertain or
inform, or some combination of these.
Ethos (Credibility), or ethical appeal
means convincing by the character of the author.
Pathos (Emotional)
means persuading by appealing to the reader's
emotions.
Logos (Logical)
means persuading by the use of reasoning.
Sample Genres
Peer-reviewed journal articles, trade journal or magazine articles,
editorials, and blogs
Peer-Reviewed Journal
Article
 A peer-reviewed journal article is a scholarly document
written by professionals in specific fields of study. In
order to ensure that the work is accurate, appropriately
documented, and informed by other relevant
scholarship, such a text undergoes peer review by other
experts in the field prior to publication. The audience for
this kind of writing consists of other scholars and
professionals in the field, and the text generally consists
of terminology that might be unfamiliar to someone
outside of that field. Generally speaking, such a
document posits an argument of some kind then
provides evidence in support of it.
Sample text from a PeerReviewed Journal Article
As we shall discover, McCarthy’s fiction, especially
The Road, engages a pseudoscientific approach to
mythic, often apocalyptic, themes and seeks to efface
contemporary understandings of science. The problem
with a work of fiction engaging with this relativism
lies in its cultural influence—the prizewinning work of
a MacArthur “genius” grant holder serves to further
popularize such relativistic approaches to science and
to obscure traditional science. (Thiess 533) [academic
scholarly journal]
Trade Journal
or Magazine
Article
A trade journal or magazine
publication is a more broadly
accessible work written for a
broader and less specialized
audience. Such publications
explain complex issues in
ways that allow readers in
any field to understand them.
Such texts are generally more
informative than theoretical;
that is, they tend to provide
and clarify information about
an issue.
 An example of a trade
journal publication is
Rebecca Tuhus-Dubrow’s
article “Cli-Fi: Birth of a
Genre,” which appears in the
July 1, 2013 issue of the
publication Dissent, a
quarterly publication
devoted to politics and
culture. This essay discusses
the emergence of a specific
sub-genre of science fiction,
“climate fiction” (or “cli-fi”),
by providing examples of
novels that explicitly engage
with the concept of climate
change.
Sample Text from a Trade
Journal
The fundamental story of climate change is simple. Human
behavior provoked a change in the weather, unleashing,
among other effects, dangerous storms. This story should
sound familiar. It’s one of the oldest narratives in the
human repository. The tale of Noah’s ark is just one
variation on the ancient flood myth, in which a deity
annihilates the human race for its sins.
Of course, to primitive people, fierce weather must have
demanded explanation, and human wickedness supplied a
readily available answer. Their more enlightened
descendants knew better. They identified other causes:
pressure systems and cold fronts and the like. They knew
that human actions could not influence the weather.
(Tuhus-Dubrow 60) [popular trade journal]
Editorial
Editorials are articles
generally published in
newspapers or magazines
that share a particular
opinion about a given topic.
An example of an editorial is
USA Today’s “Climate Change
vs. the GOP: Our View,”
which was written by the
paper’s editorial board.
Sample Text from an
Editorial
What’s more, unilateral U.S. action would have little effect
if reluctant industrializing countries, particularly China,
cannot be persuaded to act as well.
In that context, what to do—and at what cost—is a debate
worth having.
Given the increasing scientific certainty about global
warming, and the likelihood that public opinion will shift in
the face of ever more compelling evidence, Republicans
should be thinking of ways of getting out in front of the
issue.
Otherwise, like climate change itself, it will overtake them
before they can react.
Blogs
are personally owned web pages on which individuals share their
opinions about a given topic. Anyone can write a blog, so it is
important to note that blogs may or may not be credible sources.
A Tale of Two Blogs: Two Conclusions?
Different Messages? Talk about Why.
Blog 1
Blog 2
 http://wattsupwiththat.co
m/2015/06/14/despiteattempts-to-erase-itglobally-the-pause-stillexists-in-pristine-ussurface-temperature-data/
 http://www.carbonbrief.or
g/blog/2015/02/what-dosatellites-measurements-ofthe-troposphere-tell-usabout-global-temperature(2)/