Transcript Musculoskeletal Trauma

Musculoskelet
al Trauma
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A sprain is any injury to the joint in which
ligaments are stretched and torn.
Strain is an injury to a muscle that occurs
when the muscle is stretched beyond its
normal range of motion, causing the muscle
to tear.
A dislocation is the separation of a bone end
from a joint, leaving the bone end out of
alignment with the joint. It is when a joint, such
as a knee, hip, or shoulder, is not in the proper
position.
Signs and symptoms of sprain
and strain
Pain
– tenderness
Swelling
Deformity
Discoloration of the skin
Inability to use the affected
part
First aid of sprains, strains and
dislocations:
The goal: to prevent further injury to the ligament.
Rest injured area.
Apply cold to hemorrhage, edema, pain, and
disability: with a plastic bag or damp cloth filled with
ice.
To prevent cold injury, limit each application of
cold to 20 minutes and place a barrier (thin towel).
Assume that any injury includes a bone fracture.
If an injured extremity is blue or pale, send to the
emergency department immediately.
Cover open wounds with a dressing if
available.
Do not move or straighten an injured
extremity.
Stabilize the extremity in the position
found.
Compression - bandage for support.
Elevate injured area
The victim should not bear weight.
Seek medical help
FRACTURES
A
fracture is any break in the continuity of
a bone.
 Fractures can cause total disability or in
some cases death by breaking vital
organs and/or arteries.
 They can most often be treated so there is
a complete recovery.
 The potential for recovery depends
greatly upon the first aid the individual
receives before he is moved.
Kinds of Fractures:
1.A Single Fracture is when the bone breaks in
one place.
2.A Compound Fracture is when the bone has
broken into two pieces.
3.A Comminuted Fracture is when the bone is
broken in more than two places or crushed.
4.Closed Fracture. A closed fracture is a broken
bone that does not break the overlying skin. The
tissue beneath the skin may be damaged.
5.Open Fracture. An open fracture is a broken
bone that breaks (pierces) the overlying skin.
Types of Fractures
According to the Shape
1. A Greenstick Fracture is when the bone
only cracks, and does not fully break.
Because these do not break the skin.
2. Spiral
. Oblige
4. Horizontal
5. Vertical
6. impacted
Signs and Symptoms of
Fractures
 Deformity
 Tenderness
 Swelling
 Pain:
sharp pain when an attempt to
move the part.
 Inability to move the injured part
 Protruding bone.
 Bleeding or discolored skin at the injury
site.
Immobilizing Fractures:
 Prevent
the sharp edges of the bone from
moving and cutting tissue, muscle, blood
vessels, and nerves.
 Reduce pain and helps prevent or control
shock.
 Keep bone fragments from causing an
open wound in a closed fracture, which
can become contaminated and subject
to infection.
Splints, Padding, Bandages,
Slings, and Swathes
 Splints:
Splints may be improvised from
such items as boards, sticks, tree limbs
 Padding: Padding may be improvised
from such items as a jacket or blanket
 Bandages: Bandages may be improvised
from belts, slings, & kerchiefs
 Slings: A sling is a bandage suspended
from the neck to support an upper
extremity.
 Swathes:
Swathes are any bands (pieces
of cloth or load bearing equipment that
are used to further immobilize a splinted
fracture. Triangular bandages are often
used and are called swathe bandages.
The purpose of the swathe is to
immobilize;
Locate the Site of the
Suspected Fracture
(1) Ask the victim: Does he have any pain?
Where is it tender?
(2) Look for an unnatural position of the
extremity.
(3) Look for a bone sticking out (protruding).
Prepare the victim for splinting
the suspected fracture
(1) Reassure the victim; tell him that you will
be providing first aid for him and that
medical help is on the way.
(2) Loosen any tight or binding clothing.
(3) Remove all jewelry from the injured part
and place it in the casualty’s pocket.
(4) Shoes should not be removed from the
casualty unless there is actual bleeding
from the foot.
Apply the Splint in Place
1) Splint the fracture in the position found. DO
NOT attempt to reposition or straighten the
injury. If it is an open fracture, stop the bleeding
and protect the wound. Cover all wounds with
dressings before applying a splint.
(2) Place one splint on each side of the fracture.
Make sure that the splints reach, if possible,
beyond the joints above and below the
fracture.
(3) Tie the splints. Secure each splint in place
above and below the fracture site
Check the Splint for Tightness
(1) Be sure that bandages are tight enough
to securely hold splinting materials in place,
but not so tight that circulation is impaired.
(2) Recheck the circulation after
application of the splint. Check the skin
color and temperature.
Eye, nose and
ear Injuries
Eye injuries
Eye injuries can happen to anyone, and are 
quite common. Below are several types of
injuries and suggested treatments.
Foreign body in the eye (Particle of dust or 
dirt)
Symptoms 
Pain
Burning
Redness
Tearing
First aid management
Do not rub the eye, as it may cause
scratching and other injury to your cornea.
Gently lift the upper eyelid down over the
lower one, allowing the eye to flush the
particle of dirt out. Hold the eyelid like this for a
minute or so or until the victim feel the object
has been removed. This may be repeated as
necessary.
If not removed turn back the led over a
swab stick, and remove the visible foreign
body with a clean tissue.
Ask the victim to blink his eye several
times to help remove the object.
If not improved, flush the eye using a little
bit of cool clean water.
Try not to remove it with fingers as you
may do damage to the eye.
If object remains in the eye, keep it
closed and go see your doctor.
embedded object in the eye
Cover both eyes with a clean sterile pad 
and go to the ED
Do not apply direct pressure 
Do not try to remove the object or touch 
the eye.
A hit or blow to the eye
Quickly apply a cold compress to the
area around the eye, not the eye itself, for
about 15 minutes. This will reduce pain and
swelling.
A black eye or blurred vision indicate eye
damage and should be assessed by a
doctor.
Cuts to the eye or eyelid
Bandage the eye area gently with gauze 
and medical tape and get the person to
the doctor as soon as possible.
Do not attempt to remove any objects on 
the eye, or touch the eye.
Do not apply pressure to the injured area, 
and do not rub the affected area.
Chemical burns to the eye
Immediately flush off your eyes with plenty of water
for about 15-20 minutes.
The victim may want to move his eye around while
doing this to help assure the removal of all chemicals.
Clean your hands with soap and water to remove
any chemical from the hands.
Remove off the contact lenses.
Seek medical help immediately, if needed.
Make sure the head is tilted so the chemicals and
water do not flow into the unaffected eye.
These burns should be looked at by a doctor as
soon as possible to make sure no damage was done
to the eye.
Foreign body in the nose
Don’t search at the foreign with cotton swab or
another tool.
Ask the victim not to breathe in forcefully to prevent
inhaling the foreign body.
Encourage the victim to breathe from his mouth.
Ask the victim to blow gently and effectively into a
tissue paper.
If not removed, apply gentle pressure into the nose
trill of free side (no foreign body), and ask him to
blow gently.
If the object is visible, gently remove it with tweezers.
If not removed send the victim to ED.
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Bleeding nose
Ask the victim to sit in upright position to decrease
the flow of blood in the nasal veins.
Apply pressure on the nose by asking the victim to
pinch the nose with the thumb and the forefingers.
Ask the victim to lean forward (not to the back)
and continue applying pressure for 10 minutes.
Apply ice bag wrapped in a towel on the bridge
of the nose
If the bleeding continues, send the victim to ED.
Foreign body in the ear
Don’t search at the foreign with cotton 
swab or another tool.
If the object is visible, gently remove it 
with tweezers.
If the object is not visible, ask the victim to 
tilt his head into the affected side and ask
him to shake his ear gently toward the
earth gravity.
If not removed send the victim to ED. 